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An Easy Selection 

from 

Cicero's Correspondence 



J. D. DUFF 



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An Easy Selection 

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Cicero's Correspondence 



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An Easy Selection 

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Cicero's Correspondence 



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PREFACE 

Ul 

A COMMITTEE of the Classical Association 
■-^—^ has lately recommended that, in certain 
schools where the Latin Course is generally limited 
to four years, some of the easier letters of Cicero 
should be read as part of the third year's work. 
An attempt is here made to provide such a 
selection. 

A great many of Cicero's letters are obviously 
unsuitable for the purpose : they are too difficult, 
or the text is corrupt, or they contain Greek. 
But care has been taken to select such letters only 
as do not offer much difficulty; and it so happens 
that some of these easy letters are among the most 
interesting of the whole correspondence. Two of 
the letters here printed were written by Caesar; 
they are very simple, but there is not much in 
the whole of literature which surpasses in interest 
these short notes written by such a man at such 
a time. 



Ti Prefojcc 

In most cases the letter is given in full. Some- 
times a short extract has been taken from a long 
letter ; sometimes a small part of a letter has been 
omitted ; sometimes only a few words have been 
cut out ; but the text has not been simplified 
except by abridgement. The letters are arranged 
in chronological order. 

The notes have been kept within the smallest 
possible compass. Much, that must otherwise 
have appeared there, will be found in the Intro- 
ductions and Vocabulary. The Appendix gives a 
brief account of a few matters which are sure to 
puzzle anyone who reads these letters for the first 
time. This and the Introduction should be studied 
before the text is begun. 

It is believed that the Vocabulary contains 
every word (except proper names) which occurs 
in the text. The trouble of making it was much 
lightened by the assistance of A. C. DufF and 
J. F. Duff, to whom I wish here to record my 
thanks. 

J. D. D. 

February 1, 1011. 



IlfTRODUCTTOX . 


1 


Text .... 


23 


Notes 


68 


Appendix . 


101 


Vocabulary 


105 



INTEODUCTION 

I. Cicero's Life. 
1. BiHh and ediccation, 

Marcus TuUius Cicero, one of the world's 
great men, was born on January 3rd, 106 b.c. 
Pompey was born in the same year, and Juhus 
Caesar six years later. 

He was a native of Arpinmn, a small town 
in the Volscian country. He was five years old, 
when Marius, the most famous of his fellow- 
townsmen, won his great victory near Milan over 
the Cimbri and Teutones, who had swarmed into 
Italy from Germany. 

Cicero's family had long held a respectable 
position at Arpinum ; but it was not, in the 
Roman sense of the word, " noble " : that is, 
no member of it had ever been a senator or had 
held the public offices at Rome which led up to, 
and culminated in, the consulship. Thus Cicero 
was what the Romans called a novus homo and 
was sometimes treated with insolence on that 
account by the less worthy members of the Roman 
aristocracy. 

D. 1 



2 Introduction 

Cicero early showed signs of exceptional 
ability ; and his father took him, together with 
his brother Quintus, who was four years younger, 
to Rome for their education. He intended that 
they should not remain in provincial obscurity 
like their ancestors, but should play a conspicuous 
part as senators of Rome. We hear little of 
Cicero's studies as a boy ; but we may be sure 
that he learnt his grammar and studied the Greek 
and Roman poets. All his life he loved literature; 
but he continued to rank the poetry of Ermius, 
which he had loved in his boyhood, above that 
of his own contemporaries. Of his more advanced 
studies in rhetoric, law, and philosophy, we hear 
a good deal from himself. He was most grateful 
to his teachers and never tires of acknowledging 
his obligations to them. 

2. Entry on public life and temporary 
retirement. 

After a long course of arduous study, he began 
to speak in the law-courts about 81 b.c, when he 
was 25 years old ; and a year later he established 
his reputation by defending an innocent man 
against a charge of murder brought by Chryso- 
gonus, a freedman and favourite of Sulla. Sulla 
was now dictator; he had conquered and de- 
stroyed the democratic party, which Marius had 
led ; he had absolute power over the lives and 



1 



Introduction 3 

fortunes of the citizens ; and it required no little 
courage on the part of a young and unknown 
man to defy the dictator and his myrmidons. 
The prisoner was acquitted by the jury, and 
Cicero''s reputation for eloquence and for political 
courage was established. 

In spite of this success, Cicero soon afterwards 
left Rome for two years, which he spent partly at 
Athens, partly in Asia and Rhodes. He had 
worked too hard and was out of health. Yet 
even this holiday he spent in the assiduous study 
of rhetoric and philosophy under the best teachers 
of the time. He returned to Rome in 77 b.c. and 
from that time continued in constant practice as 
one of the leaders of the Bar. 



3. Marriage and family. 

Soon after his return from the East, Cicero 
married Terentia, a lady of good family, but, 
it seems, of uneasy temper. They had two 
children — a daughter Tullia, to whom Cicero was 
passionately attached and whose early death was 
one of the chief sorrows of his life, and a son 
Marcus, born in 65 b.c. Kind and indulgent 
as a father, Cicero shows to less advantage as 
a husband. As years went on he became more 
and more estranged from Terentia, till he divorced 
her in 46 b.c and married Publilia, a young and 
wealthy woman who had been his ward. 

1--2 



4 Introduction 

4. Preliminary curule offices. 

In 76 B.C. he was of age to hold the quaestor- 
ship, the first of the offices which led to the 
consulship. He was duly elected and spent his 
year of office in Sicily. The ties there formed 
induced him to take up the cause of the Sicilians 
six years later, when they prosecuted their gover- 
nor, Verres, for oppression and extortion. Cicero 
took immense pains in getting up the case and 
conducted it to a successful issue with great 
dexterity and ability. His speeches against 
Verres (not all of which were actually delivered) 
were published by him and are still preserved ; 
they form one of the chief monuments of his 
splendid eloquence. 

Next he filled the offices of aedile in 70 and of 
praetor in QQ b.c. There remained only the con- 
sulship ; and this he held in the year 63. 

5. Consulship^ and conspiracy of Catiline. 

His consulship was marked by public events of 
great importance, which had a decisive influence 
upon his subsequent fortunes. It fell to him, as 
chief magistrate of the state, to deal with the 
conspiracy of Catiline, a young noble of infamous 
character, who had formed a plot to assassinate 
the chief men in the state, to cancel all debts, and 
to divide all positions of honour and emolument 
among the conspirators. Cicero proved equal 



Introduction 5 

to the emergency : nothing could exceed his 
vigilance and energy. He drove Catiline from 
Rome to the north of Italy and arrested those 
of the ringleaders who had remained in the 
capital. He presided at a meeting of the Senate 
held on December Sth, at which the prisoners, 
though Roman citizens of noble birth, were con- 
demned to death ; and he had the sentence carried 
into execution that same evening, when each of 
the condemned criminals was strangled in prison. 
He had saved Rome from a great danger. But, 
in order to do so, he had broken the law which 
required that no citizen should be put to death 
except after appeal to the people. From this 
time forward he was always liable to be attacked 
by the champions of the popular or democratic 
party in their conflicts with the Senate. 

6. Exile and restoration. 

Nor had his enemies to wait long for their 
revenge. In 60 b.c. Pompey, Caesar, and Crassus 
formed a coalition which is known as the First 
Triumvirate. Their united power was very great : 
Crassus contributed his enormous wealth, Caesar 
his army and his personal genius, and Pompey 
the immense prestige he had gained by his 
victories in the East. Their object was to thwart 
the power of the Senate, and to secure for them- 
selves and their supporters the highest offices and 
the avenues to wealth and military strength. 



6 Introduction 

It seems that Cicero might, if he had chosen, 
have been one of this party ; but he refused the 
overtures made to him. One of his strongest 
feehngs throughout hfe was attachment to the 
constitution ; and, although he resented the 
selfish exclusiveness of the Roman aristocracy, 
he could not endure to see the free institutions 
of his country crushed by military power or 
corrupted by bribery. Thus he was left defence- 
less against his enemies ; and one of these, 
Publius Clodius, was authorised, or at least 
permitted, by the coalition to carry a bill for 
Cicero's banishment, on the ground that he had 
put citizens to death without trial. Cicero 
recognised that his position was hopeless. He 
crossed the sea to Epirus from Brundisium on 
April 30th, 58 b.c, and remained in exile till 
August 5th of the following year. His letters 
show that he was for the time utterly crushed by 
this calamity. Fortitude in adversity was not 
one of his virtues. When his restoration came, 
it was a great personal triumph. But he owed it 
to the indulgence of the hated coalition, so that 
it was impossible for him, when he returned to 
Rome, to take an independent line in politics, 
as he wished to do, and to express his distrust 
of their high-handed proceedings. For several 
years he took little part in politics. But to 
do nothing was impossible to Cicero : he was 
very active in the law-courts, if not in the Senate- 



Introduction 7 

house, and he wrote some of his greatest works 
about this time. 

7. Government of Cilkia, 

In June, 51 b.c, Cicero again left Brundisium 
for the East, but under very different circum- 
stances. He was not now a hunted exile in 
danger of his life, but a Roman governor going 
out to govern his province. For a year he 
governed Cilicia with a mild and just sway, 
and took great pleasure in the contemplation 
of his own virtues. But he had gone there 
unwillingly ; he missed the society of his friends 
and the interest of life at Rome ; and he was 
heartily glad to turn his back on Cilicia when his 
year of office was over. He landed at Brundisium 
on November 23, 50 b.c. 

8. Civil war and despotic rule. 

Before long he felt sorry that he had been in 
such haste to return. He had hardly been in 
Italy a month when civil war broke out. The 
coalition of ten years earlier no longer existed. 
Crassus had fallen in battle against the Parthians 
in 53 B.C. ; Pompey, alarmed by the growth of 
Caesar's power, had gradually made up his quarrel 
with the aristocratic party. Hence, in the struggle 
which followed between Caesar and the Senate, 
Pompey was the Senate's champion. But he 



8 Introduction 

proved no match for the rival commander, whom 
he affected to despise. Caesar forced him to 
leave Italy for the East with all his levies and 
a great number of senators, and then returned 
to Rome, where he assembled as many of the 
Senate as he could induce to attend, that he 
might be duly elected dictator before proceeding 
to Spain to attack Pompey's armies there. 

Cicero'^s real place was at Pompey'^s side. He 
was attached to the established system of govern- 
ment and hated revolutionary violence. But this 
sudden crisis paralysed his will and his activity, 
and he acted in a way that did not satisfy either 
party. He did not leave Italy with Pompey ; on 
the other hand he refused Caesar's pressing invita- 
tion to attend the meeting of the Senate at Rome. 
After months of distress and uncertainty he sailed 
to Pompey 's headquarters on June 3rd, 49 b.c, 
Caesar being then in Spain. The battle of Phar- 
salia (at which he was not present) was fought on 
August 9th, 48 B.C. Considering that further 
resistance was useless and that the issue had been 
decided by Pompey's defeat, he returned to Italy 
and remained, in great unhappiness, at Brundisium 
for ten months, until Caesar returned from the 
East in September, 47 b.c. 

From this time until Caesar's death he lived 
at Rome or in one of his many country-houses 
near the city. He was always treated with 
marked kindness by Caesar ; but no compliments 



Introduction 9 

could console him for the loss of his former 
position of influence and authority, for the loss 
of free speech and free government. In political 
life he took but little part; but he wrote inde- 
fatigably : he was in constant correspondence with 
the exiled members of the senatorial party, and 
he poured forth treatise after treatise on rhetoric 
and philosophy. The unhappiness which he felt 
on public grounds was increased by bereavement : 
in March 45 b.c. death took from him his 
daughter, Tullia, in whom he had found his chief 
consolation in all his troubles. He was roused 
from his apathy by the death of Caesar, who 
was stabbed in the Senate-house on March 15th, 
44 B.C., by a band of conspirators. Cicero was 
present at the scene, but had not been admitted 
into the confidence of the conspirators. 

9. Struggle with Antony and death, 

Caesar^s death did not prove the dawn of 
freedom. There followed a period of anarchy 
and civil war, in which Cicero bore, until his 
death, a conspicuous and noble part. But in 
spite of his exertions and his eloquence, the 
Senate proved unable to wrest back its old 
supremacy from those who could support with 
the sword their claims to power. 

For a time Antony, Caesar's colleague in the 
consulship, was able to maintain his position 
against the conspirators ; and his despotism was 



10 Introduction 

as complete and more grievous than Caesar's had 
been. But soon a rival for power appeared on 
the scene in the person of Octavian, afterwards 
known as Augustus, the great-nephew and adopted 
son of Caesar, a youth of 19. In order to drive 
Antony from his position, Octavian began to 
enlist an army from among Caesar'*s veterans. 
To Cicero and the Senate he professed that he 
was fighting their battles against a usurper and 
tyrant. Cicero felt very doubtful of Octavian's 
loyalty ; but about Antony's plans and hopes he 
soon had no doubt at all, and he attacked him 
in the famous series of speeches known as the 
Philippics. After several battles had been fought 
in the north of Italy without any decisive result, 
Octavian justified the worst suspicions of Cicero 
by betraying the cause of which he had professed 
himself the champion. He made terms with 
Antony ; and the two, together with Lepidus, 
formed a coalition known as the Second Trium- 
virate. Each member of the coalition had to 
make concessions, before an agreement was 
reached ; and Octavian, to his eternal disgrace, 
suffered Cicero to be sacrificed to the resentment 
of Antony. He was killed near Caieta on De- 
cember 7th, 43 B.C. He was within a month 
of attaining his sixty-fourth year. His head and 
the hand, with which he had written tlie attacks 
on Antony, were cut off and hung upon the 
rostrum in the Roman forum. 



Introduction 11 

II. Cicero's Works. 

1. Rhetoric. 

Cicero was unsuccessful as a statesman and 
undistinguished as a general ; but, as a man of 
letters, he has had few equals in any age or 
nation. 

As an orator, he had no equal among his 
countrymen, who could find no one to compare 
with him except the most famous of all orators, 
the Athenian Demosthenes. Many of his speeches, 
delivered in the law-courts or in the Senate or 
before the people, are still preserved and fully 
justify his reputation as a speaker. He revised 
and published these speeches himself ; and he also 
wrote a number of works, themselves models of 
style, in which he dealt with the history or the 
practice of Roman oratory. 

2. Philosophy. 

But he was not merely an orator: he was 
a statesman, who played a prominent part in the 
political life of his time ; and he also cherished, 
from youth to age, a keen interest in political and 
moral philosophy. When he lost his position in 
political life, he wrote a number of treatises on 
political and philosophical subjects, in which the 
questions are discussed in a style of wonderful 
clearness and beauty. In these works his custom 



12 Introduction 

was to follow, more or less closely, some Greek 
•authority, and the treatment cannot be called 
original or profound; but, when he is dealing 
with subjects of universal interest, such as " Old 
Age '^ or " Friendship '' or " The Fear of Death,'' 
he makes the same kind of appeal to every reader 
which Gray makes in his famous Elegy. If there 
is little to startle or surprise, there is everywhere 
beauty in the manner, and truth and nature in 
the matter, of what is there said. 

3. Letters. 

But, even if all his speeches and all his 
treatises had been lost, Cicero would still remain 
the most interesting and the most intimately 
known of all the personages of antiquity. He is 
so, because of his correspondence, from which 
some extracts are given in this book. Either 
for the public or to his friends he wrote with 
astonishing ease and rapidity ; and he carried 
on a great correspondence with a large number 
of friends. Nearly a thousand letters (including 
replies from his friends) have been preserved ; and 
no part of ancient literature surpasses this corre- 
spondence in interest and value. 

These letters are, in the first place, of great 
historical importance. They were written at a 
period of peculiar interest, when the republican 
constitution, under which Rome had conquered 
the world, was finally breaking down, to give 



Introduction 13 

way to the Imperial form of government. During 
the long and stormy period of transition, Cicero 
was at the centre of affairs and intimately ac- 
quainted with the chief actors on the scene, 
whether statesmen or military leaders. His 
private letters are our chief source of information 
for all that took place in the contest between 
Caesar and the Senate. And they are the more 
valuable, because they were not intended for 
publication and therefore tell us exactly what 
was in the mind of the writer at the time when 
he wrote. At one time Cicero had a plan of 
preparing a collection of his letters for publica- 
tion. If he had carried out this intention, he 
would, to a large extent, have spoilt the historical 
value of what he had written. 

Secondly, although these letters were not 
intended to rank as literature, they are a remark- 
able instance of the power of literary charm. 
Speaking of his house, Cicero says : " the arrange- 
ment of my books seems to have given it a soul '" ; 
and the same might well be said of his treatment 
of public events in his letters. And politics is 
only one of a hundred subjects over which he 
ranges. The most ordinary topic is made alive 
by an apt quotation, a graphic sketch, a humorous 
or pathetic phrase. 

There is much good literature in the form of 
letters, and some of the best letter-writers have 
been Englishmen. Yet Cicero is the father of 



14 Introduction 

the art, and his letters may fairly be called 
the best in the world. One competent critic 
claims this rank for them and says of them : 
" whether grave or gay, whether lively or severe, 
they reflect the changing moods of a versatile, 
ingenious, sensitive, subtle, powerful, and culti- 
vated mind^*" 



III. Cicero's Correspondents. 

(The, names follow the order of the letters in this book.) 

1. Q, Cicero. 

Quintus Tullius Cicero was about four years 
younger than his more famous brother. They 
were educated together at Rome and went to 
Athens together in 79 b.c. Quintus was aedile in 
66 B.C. and praetor in 62, after which he governed 
Asia till 58. He then served with distinction 
under Caesar in Gaul and accompanied him to 
Britain in 55 b.c. Four years later he served 
under his brother in Cilicia. They returned 
together to Italy and remained together during 
the first part of the civil war. But after Phar- 
salia (48 b.c) Quintus behaved with incredible 
baseness, trying to conciliate Caesar by calum- 
niating his brother. There was a complete recon- 
ciliation later. Both brothers fell victims in the 

^ H. Paul, Men and Letters, p. 188. 



Introduction 15 

proscription by the Triumvirate in December 
43 B.C. 

Quintus was married to Pomponia, the sister 
of Atticus. It appears that they were not a 
happy couple. 

2. Lentulus. 

Publius CorneHus Lentulus Spinther, a noble, 
was aedile in 63 and praetor in 60 b.c, after 
which he governed Spain. He was consul in 
57 B.C. and on his first day of office moved the 
restoration of Cicero from exile. After his consul- 
ship he governed Cilicia and hoped to enrich 
himself by restoring to his throne Ptolemy, king 
of Egypt, who, when expelled by his subjects, had 
appealed for help to the Senate. There was 
much intriguing at Rome in this matter. The 
king was lavish with his bribes ; Pompey wished 
to have the commission ; the Senate invented 
excuses to keep him out of it. Ptolemy was 
eventually restored but not by either Lentulus 
or Pompey. 

In the civil war Lentulus was an active 
partisan of the Senate. Taken prisoner by 
Caesar at Corfinium and released by him, he 
followed Pompey to Greece and, after the defeat 
at Pharsalia, to Egypt. The date and circum- 
stances of his death are unknown. 



16 Introduction 



3. Caesar. 



Gaius Julius Caesar was born July 12th, 
100 B.C. He first attracted attention by his 
defiance of Sulla. He served as quaestor in 68, 
as aedile in 65, and as praetor in 62 b.c. A year 
later he was for the first time at the head of 
an army in Spain, and soon gained reputation 
and wealth. He was elected to the consulship in 
60 B.C. and held the office in the following year, 
having previously formed the coalition with 
Pompey and Crassus, which is known as the 
First Triumvirate. The next nine years he spent 
in a thorough conquest of Gaul. In January 
49 B.C. he crossed the Rubicon, which divided his 
province from Italy, to make war against the 
Senate under Pompey. He drove Pompey from 
Italy, conquered the army in Spain, and defeated 
his enemies successively at Pharsalia (August 9th, 
48 B.C.), Thapsus (April 6th, 46 b.c), and Munda 
(March 17th, 45 b.c). In the intervals between 
these campaigns he re-organised the whole Roman 
state. From April 1st, 49 b.c, his power at Rome 
was absolute. He was stabbed by a band of con- 
spirators in the Senate-house at Rome on March 
15th, 44 B.C. 

Caesar's character has been much discussed : 
some attribute all his actions to selfish ambition, 
others to a noble patriotism. At least it is 
certain, that he excelled other men both as 



Introduction 17 

general and statesman, and also that he was a 
man of most generous and humane disposition, 
and a good friend to Cicero. 

4. Trehatius, 

Gains Trebatius Testa was a learned lawyer 
whom Cicero induced to go to Gaul in 55 e.g., 
that he might advance his fortunes by the favour 
of Caesar, who was then governor of the province. 
Trebatius seems to have grumbled at the dis- 
comforts of life in Gaul, and declined to join 
the expedition to Britain. In the civil war he 
followed Caesar's fortunes. He survived his great 
contemporaries ; for we find Horace addressing 
him in a poem (Satires ii 1, 4) written about 
30 B.C. 

Cicero's letters to Trebatius are very affection- 
ate, but one may guess that he liked him more 
than he respected him. 

5. Curio, 

Gains Scribonius Curio was a man of great 
ability but no principles. Cicero, who had known 
his father, recognised his powers and gave him 
much good advice to no purpos'e. Curio, after 
serving with credit as aedile in Asia, was tribune 
in the year 50, He professed to be on the side of 
Pompey ; but Caesar bought his services for an 
immense bribe and found in him an able and 

D. 2 



18 Introduction 

unscrupulous agent. In the civil war he led an 
army and gained Sicily for Caesar, but, crossing 
over to Africa, was defeated and killed, fighting 
bravely to the last. 

6. Marius, 

Marcus Marius is known only from Cicero's 
letters. He was an invalid, who resided con- 
stantly on his estate at Pompeii, where Cicero 
also had a house. He agreed in politics with 
Cicero ; and they had the same intellectual tastes. 

7. Atticus, 

Titus Pomponius Atticus, Cicero'*s bosom 
friend and most constant correspondent, was born 
in 109 B.C., migrated to Athens in 88, and re- 
turned to Rome in 65. After that time he lived 
partly in Greece, and partly in Italy. He took 
no part in politics and was friendly with men 
of all views. He made money in various ways — 
as a banker, as a speculator in gladiators, and as 
a publisher. Cicero relied upon his advice in 
politics, consulted him in all money matters, and 
confided to him his domestic worries. It is an 
unpleasant fact that after Cicero's death Atticus 
remained on friendly terms with both Antony and 
Octavian. His grand-daughter became the wife 
of the emperor Tiberius. He ended his life by 
voluntary starvation in 32 b.c. 



Introduction 19 

8. Caelius, 

Marcus Caelius Rufus was born in 82 b.c. In 
his character and career he resembles Curio in 
many ways. Caelius also was able and eloquent 
but had the same faults of character. He served 
as tribune in 52 b.c. and was active in opposition 
to Pompey. When Cicero went to govern Cilicia 
in 51 B.C., Caelius sent him regular accounts, 
which are still extant, of political events at Rome. 
He constantly asks Cicero to provide him with 
panthers, to be exhibited at the shows which 
he had to give as aedile. When civil war broke 
out, he changed his politics and joined Caesar, 
solely because he was determined to be on the 
winning side. So long as he was useful, Caesar 
employed and rewarded him. But he became 
discontented and tried to raise a revolt in Italy 
against Caesar. He was put to death by some 
soldiers near Thurii in 48 b.c 

9. Tiro. 

Marcus TuUius Tiro was a freedman of Cicero. 
He served his master in all literary matters with 
zeal and skill, and was regarded with great 
affection by all Cicero's family. He had weak 
health and yet lived to his hundredth year. He 
was an author of some repute ; but his chief claim 
to our gratitude is, that we probably owe to him 
the preservation of Cicero's letters. 

2—2 



20 Introduction 

10. Varro. 

Marcus Terentius Varro, the most learned of 
the Romans, was born in 116 b.c, and went 
through the usual succession of offices. When the 
civil war broke out, he was in command of one of 
Pompey'^s armies in Spain. Defeated there, he 
joined Pompey's headquarters in Greece and was 
with Cicero at Dyrrhachium at the time of 
Pharsalia. Caesar pardoned him readily and 
made him librarian of the new library on the 
Palatine. He was proscribed, together with 
Cicero, in 43 e.g., but saved his life by conceal- 
ment and survived till 28 b.c. 

He was an unwearied student and scholar, 
whose criticism even Cicero feared, and a volu- 
minous writer; but nearly all his writings are 
lost. 

11. Caecina, 

Aulus Caecina belonged to an ancient Etruscan 
family. He fought on Pompey's side and also 
published a libellous work against Caesar. He 
was therefore forbidden to return to Italy. He 
then wrote another work, called Quei^ellae^ by 
which he hoped to make his peace with Caesar; 
but it seems that he was disappointed. 

Cicero says that Caecina had learnt the 
Etruscan science of augury from his father; and 
it is known that he wrote a book on the subject. 



Introduction 21 

12. Servius, 

Servius Sulpicius Rufus, born in 105 B.C., 
early devoted himself to the study of law and 
oratory. He became a very learned lawyer ; and, 
as an advocate in the courts, he was Cicero's chief 
rival. He filled the usual offices and was consul 
in 51 B.C. In the civil war he left Rome, but 
declined to leave Italy, with Pompey ; meanwhile 
his son was serving in Caesar's army. He attended 
Caesar's meeting of the Senate on April 1st, 49 b.c, 
which Cicero refused to attend. In 46 b.c. he 
was governor, by Caesar's appointment, of the 
province of Achaia or Greece. In January, 43 b.c, 
he died, while on an embassy to Antony, who was 
then encamped before the walls of Mutina. 

13. Matins. 

Gains Matins Calvena is known only from 
Cicero's letters. He was one of Caesar's most 
intimate friends, but took no active part in 
politics or in the civil war. After Caesar's death 
he had the courage to deplore the loss of his 
friend and to express his opinion of the conduct 
of the conspirators. 

Matius writes with a manliness and frankness 
which are not common in these letters. 

14. D, Brutus. 
Decimus Junius Brutus (who must not be 
confused with Marcus Brutus) served under Caesar 



22 Introduction 

in Gaul and also in the civil war. Caesar treated 
him with special distinction, making him praetor 
and governor of Cisalpine Gaul for 44 b.c, and 
promising him the consulship for 42 b.c. Yet 
Brutus betrayed his benefactor and was one of 
those who stabbed him. He then went to his 
province of Cisalpine Gaul, where he defended 
himself against Antony for many months, ap- 
plauded and encouraged by Cicero. But when 
he was threatened by Antony on one side and 
Octavian on the other, he tried to cross over to 
Macedonia, where Marcus Brutus was, but was put 
to death by Antony's order in 43 b.c. 

15. Trebonius. 

Gains Trebonius, quaestor in 60 B.C. and 
tribune in 55, served under Caesar in Gaul and 
remained there during the first period of the 
civil war. In 48 b.c. he was praetor at Rome 
and did good service in suppressing the wild 
schemes of Caelius. In October, 45 b.c, he w^as 
appointed consul by Caesar, with the province 
of Asia in the following year. Yet he took part 
in the conspiracy against Caesar; and the duty 
assigned to him was to keep Antony away from 
the scene of the murder. He afterwards withdrew 
secretly to his province of Asia. In February, 
43 B.C., he was treacherously murdered by Dola- 
bella at Smyrna. 



LETTER 1 {ad Q. fr, i 2, 15 and 16). 

The letter^ from which this is an extract^ was written 
on October 26, 59b.c.^ by Cicero at Rome to his brother 
Quintus (see p. 14) then governor of Asia. 

The First Triumvirate (see p. 5) were now masters of 
the state^ and all opposition to them was suppressed by- 
violence. 

Cicero first describes a scene of the kind^ and then 
refers to the attacks of Clodius upon himself^ which he 
thinks will fail. He was mistaken ; for he was driven 
into exile just six months later (see p. 6). 

Nunc ea cognosce quae maxime exoptas. Rem 
publicam funditus amisimus, adeo ut Cato, adule- 
scens nulHus consilii sed tamen civis Roman us et 
Cato, vix vivus efFugerit, quod, cum Gabinium de 
ambitu vellet postulare neque praetores diebus 5 
aliquot adiri possent, in contionem escendit et 
Pompeium 'privatum dictatorem ' appellavit. Pro- 
pius nihil est factum quam ut occideretur. Ex 
hoc qui sit status totius rei publicae videre potes. 

Nostrae tamen causae non videntur homines de- 10 
futuri; mirandum in modum profitentur, offerunt 
se, polHcentur. Equidem cum spe sum maxima, 
tum maiore etiam animo : spe, superiores fore nos, 
animo, ut in hac re publica ne casum quidem 
uUum pertimescam. Sed tamen se res sic habet: 15 



24 Condition of jjolitics at Rome 

si diem nobis dixerit, tota Italia concurret, ut 
multiplicata gloria discedamus; sin autem vi agere 
conabitur, spero fore studiis non solum amicorum 
sed etiam alienorum ut vi resistamus. Omnes et 

20 se et suos amicos, clientes, libertos, servos, pecunias 
denique suas pollicentur. Nostra antiqua manus 
bonorum ardet studio nostri atque amore. Si 
qui antea aut alieniores fuerant aut languidiores, 
nunc horum regum odio se cum bonis coniungunt. 

25 Pompeius omnia pollicetur et Caesar; quibus ego 
ita credo ut nihil de mea comparatione deminuam. 
Tribuni plebis designati sunt nobis amici ; consules 
se optime ostendunt ; praetores habemus amicis- 
simos et acerrimos cives, Domitium, Nigidium, 

30 Memmium, Lentulum ; bonos etiam alios, hos 
singulares. Quare magnum fac animum habeas 
et spem bonam. De singulis tamen rebus quae 
cotidie gerantur faciam te crebro certiorem. 

LETTER 2 {ad fam, xiv 1). 

This letter was written on November 27^ 58 b.c._, by 
Cicero to his wife Terentia at Rome. 

He had been seven months in exile (see p. 6). He 
went first to Thessalonica in the province of Macedonia 
where he met with great kindness from Plancius^ the 
quaestor ; and the first part of tlie letter was written 
there ; the postscript was added at Dyrrhachium on the 
east coast of the Adriatic. 

Cicero laments his exile and praises his wife for her 
courageous exertions. He expresses some hope of re- 
storation and deplores his financial position. 



Cicero in exile 25 

Et litteris multorum et sermone omnium 
perfertur ad me incredibilem tuam virtutem et 
fortitudinem esse, teque nee animi neque corporis 
laboribus defetigari. Me miserum ! te ista virtute, 
fide, probitate, humanitate in tantas aerumnas 5 
propter me ineidisse, Tulliolamque nostram, ex 
quo patre tantas voluptates capiebat, ex eo 
tantos percipere luctus ! Nam quid ego de 
Cicerone dicam? qui, cum primum sapere coepit, 
acerbissimos dolores miseriasque percepit. Quae lo 
si, tu ut scribis, 'fato facta' putarem, ferrem 
paulo facilius ; sed omnia sunt mea culpa com- 
missa, qui ab iis me amari putabam qui invide- 
bant, eos non sequebar qui petebant. 

Quod si nostrfs consiliis usi essemus neque 15 
apud nos tantum valuisset sermo aut stultorum 
amicorum aut improborum, beatissimi viveremus. 
Nunc quoniam sperare nos amici iubent, dabo 
operam ne mea valetudo tuo labori desit. Res 
quanta sit intellego quantoque fuerit facilius 20 
manere domi quam redire ; sed tamen si omnes 
tribunos plebis habemus, si Lentulum tam studio- 
sum quam videtur, si vero etiam Pompeium et 
Caesarem, non est desperandum. 

De familia, quo modo placuisse scribis amicis, 25 
faciemus. De loco nunc quidem iam abiit pesti- 
lentia, sed quamdiu fuit, me non attigit. Plancius, 
homo officiosissimus, me cupit esse secum et adhuc 
retinet. Ego volebam loco magis deserto esse in 
Epiro, sed adhuc Plancius me retinet ; sperat posse 30 



26 Cicero in exile 

fieri ut mecum in Italiani decedat. Quern ego 
diem si videro et si in vestrum complexum venero 
ae si et vos et me ipsum reciperaro, satis magnum 
mihi fructum videbor percepisse et vestrae pietatis 

35 et meae. 

Pisonis humanitas, virtus, amor in omnes nos 
tantus est, ut nihil supra possit. Utinam ea res 
ei voluptati sit! gloriae quidem video fore. De 
Quinto fratre nihil ego te accusavi, sed vos, cum 

40 praesertim tam pauci sitis, volui esse quam coniunc- 
tissimos. Quibus me voluisti agere gratias egi et 
me a te certiorem factum esse scripsi. 

Quod ad me, mea Terentia, scribis te vicum 
vendituram, quid, obsecro te, me miserum ! quid 

45 futurum est ? et si nos premet eadem fortuna, 
quid puero misero fiet ? Non queo reliqua 
scribere ; tanta vis lacrimarum est ; neque te in 
eundem fletum adducam ; tantum scribo : si erunt 
in officio amici, pecunia non deerit; si non erunt, 

50 tu efficere tua pecunia non poteris. Per fortunas 
miseras nostras, vide ne puerum perditum per- 
damus ; cui si aliquid erit ne egeat, mediocri 
virtute opus est et mediocri fortuna ut cetera 
consequatur. 

55 Fac valeas et ad me tabellarios mittas, ut 
sciam quid agatur et vos quid agatis. Tulliolae 
et Ciceroni salutem die. Valete. D. a. d. vi K. 
Decembr. Dyrrhachii. 

Dyrrhachium veni, quod et libera civitas est 

60 et in me officiosa et proxima Italiae ; sed si 



The case of King Ptolemy 27 

offendet me loci celebritas, alio me conferam, ad 
te scribam. 



LETTER 3 {ad Jam, i 5 6). 

This letter and the next were written in February^ 
oQ B.c._, by Cicero at Rome to Lentulus (see p. 15)^ 
governor of Cilicia. 

Lentulus^ as consul in 57 b.c.^ had taken active steps 
for Cicero's restoration from exile. Though Cicero found 
it impossible to oppose the triumvirate openly_, yet he is 
willing to speak frankly of Pompey in a private letter. 

Cicero says that Pompey has become so unpopular at 
Rome that he has apparently given up his project of 
restoring King Ptolemy (see p. lo). Cicero will use 
every effort to further Lentulus' wishes in this matter. 

Hie quae agantur quaeque acta sint, ea te et 
litteris multorum et nuntiis cognosse arbitror; 
quae autem posita sunt in coniectura quaeque 
videntur fore, ea puto tibi a me scribi oportere. 
Postea quam Pompeius et apud populum a. d. viii 5 
Idus Februarias, cum pro ]\Iilone diceret, clamore 
convicioque iactatus est, in senatuque a Catone 
aspere et acerbe inimicorum magno silentio est 
accusatus, visus est mihi vehementer esse pertur- 
batus. Itaque Alexandrina causa, quae nobis 10 
adhuc Integra est (nihil enim tibi detraxit senatus 
nisi id, quod per eandem religionem dari alteri 
non potest), videtur ab illo plane esse deposita. 

Nunc id speramus idque molimur, ut rex, cum 
intellegat sese, quod cogitabat, ut a Pompeio re- 15 



28 The case of King Ptolemy 

ducatur, adsequi non posse et, nisi per te sit 
restitutus, desertum se atque abiectum fore, pro- 
ficiscatur ad te ; quod sine ulla dubitatione, si 
Pompeius paulum modo ostenderit sibi placere, 

20 faciet ; sed nosti hominis tarditatem et taciturni- 
tatem. Nos tamen nihil, quod ad earn rem per- 
tineat, praetermittimus. Ceteris iniuriis, quae 
propositae sunt a Catone, facile, ut spero, resiste- 
mus. Amicum ex consularibus neminem tibi esse 

25 video praeter Hortensium et Lucullum ; ceteri 
sunt partim obscurius iniqui, partim non dissimu- 
lanter irati. Tu fac aninio forti magnoque sis, 
speresque fore ut fracto impetu levissimi hominis 
tuam pristinam dignitatem et gloriam consequare. 

LETTER 4 {ad fam. i 6). 

Quae gerantur, accipies ex PoUione, qui omni- 
bus negotiis non interfuit solum sed praefuit. 
Me in summo dolore, quem in tuis rebus capio, 
maxime scilicet consolatur spes, quod valde sus- 
5 picor fore ut infringatur hominum improbitas et 
consiliis tuorum amicorum et ipsa die, quae de- 
bilitat cogitationes et inimicorum et proditorum 
tuorum. 

Facile secundo loco me consolatur recordatio 

10 meorum temporum, quorum imaginem video in 

rebus tuis ; etsi minore in re violatur tua dignitas 

quam mea afflicta est. Sed praesta te eum, qui 

mihi 'a teneris,' ut Graeci dicunt, 'unguicuHs' es 



Private affairs 29 

cognitus ; illustrabit, mihi crede, tuam amplitu- 
dinem hominum iniuria. A me omnia summa in 15 
te studia officiaque exspecta; non fallam opinionem 
tuam. 



LETTER 5 {ad Q, /r. ii 5. 2-4). 

This letter was written on April 8^ 6Q b.c._, by Cicero 
at Rome to his brother Quintus (see p. 14) in Sardinia. 

Cicero speaks of an interview with his nephew, 
Quintus,, who has been unwell ; he reports on the pro- 
gress of the houses, now building at Rome for his brother 
and himself ; he outlines a visit to his country-houses, and 
begs his brother to return as soon as possible. 

A. d. VIII Idus Apriles sponsalia Crassipedi 
praebui. Huic convivio puer optimus, Quintus 
tuus meusque, quod perleviter commotus fuerat, 
defuit. A. d. vii Idus Apriles veni ad Quintum 
eumque vidi plane integrum, multumque is mecum 5 
sermonem habuit et perhumanum de discordiis 
mulierum nostrarum. Quid quaeris ? nihil festivius. 
Pomponia autem etiam de te questa est ; sed haec 
coram agemus. 

A puero ut discessi, in aream tuam veni. 10 
Res agebatur multis structoribus. Longilium 
redemptorem cohortatus sum. Fidem mihi facie- 
bat se velle nobis placere. Domus erit egregia ; 
magis enim cerni iam poterat quam quantum ex 
forma iudicabamus ; itemque nostra celeriter aedifi- 15 
cabatur. Eo die cenavi apud Crassipedem ; cenatus 
in hortos ad Pompeium lectica latus sum. Luci 



30 Private affairs 

eum con venire non potueram quod afuerat; videre 
autem volebam quod eram postridie Roma exiturus 

20 et quod ille in Sardinian! iter habebat. Hominem 
conveni et ab eo petivi ut quam primum te nobis 
redderet. ' Statim ** dixit. Erat autem iturus, ut 
aiebat, a. d. iii Id. April, ut aut Labrone aut 
Pi sis conscenderet. Tu, mi frater, simul et ille 

25 venerit, primam navigationem, dummodo idonea 
tempestas sit, ne omiseris. 

A. d. VI Idus April, ante lucem banc epistulam 
conscripsi eram que in itinere ut eo die apud T. 
Titium in Anagnino manerem, postridie autem in 

30 Laterio cogitabam, inde, cum in Arpinati quinque 
dies fuissem, ire in Pompeianum, rediens aspicere 
Cumanum, ut, quoniam in Nonas Maias Miloni 
dies prodicta est, pridie Nonas Romae esseni 
teque, mi carissime et suavissime frater, ad earn 

35 diem, ut sperabam, viderem. Aedificationem 
Arcani ad tuum adventum sustentari placebat. 
Fac, mi frater, ut valeas quam primumque venias. 



LETTER 6 {ad fam, vii 5). 

This letter was written in February^ 54 b.c, by Cicero 
at Rome to Caesar (see p. 16)^ who was then in Gaul, 
preparing for his second invasion of Britain. 

Cicero asks Caesar to do all he can for Trebatius 
(see p. 17)^ a Roman lawyer and an old friend of his, 
who is going to Gaul to push his fortunes there ; he 
vouches for the good conduct and ability of Trebatius. 



A letter of recommendatioii 31 

Vide quam mihi persuaserim te me esse 
alterum non modo in iis rebus, quae ad me 
ipsum sed etiam in iis, quae ad meos pertinent. 
C. Trebatium cogitaram, quocumque exirem, me- 
cum ducere, ut eum meis omnibus studiis, beneficiis 5 
quam ornatissimum domum reducerem ; sed, postea 
quam et Pompeii commoratio diuturnior erat quam 
putaram, et mea quaedam tibi non ignota dubi- 
tatio aut impedire profectionem meam videbatur 
aut certe tardare, (vide quid mihi sumpserim), 10 
coepi velle ea Trebatium exspectare a te, quae 
sperasset a me, neque mehercule minus ei prolixe 
de tua voluntate promisi quam eram solitus de 
mea poUiceri. 

Casus vero mirificus quidam intervenit quasi 15 
vel testis opinionis meae vel sponsor humanitatis 
tuae. Nam cum de hoc ipso Trebatio cum Balbo 
nostro loquerer accuratius domi meae, htterae 
mihi dantur a te, quibus in extremis scriptum 
erat: ' M. Fulvium, quem mihi commendas, vel 20 
regem GaUiae faciam ; vel hunc Leptae delega, si 
vis, tu ad me alium mitte quem ornem.'' Sustu- 
limus manus et ego et Balbus. Tanta fuit oppor- 
tunitas, ut illud nescio quid non fortuitum sed 
divinum videretur. Mitto igitur ad te Trebatium. 25 

Hunc, mi Caesar, sic velim omni tua comitate 
complectare, ut omnia, quae per me possis adduci 
ut in meos conferre velis, in unum hunc conferas. 
De quo tibi homine haec spondeo, probiorem 
hominem, meliorem virum, pudentiorem esse ne- 30 



32 A letter of recommendation 

minem; accedit etiam, quod familiam ducit in iure 
civili, singular! memoria, summa, scientia. Huic 
ego neque tribunatum neque praefecturam neque 
ullius beneficii certum nomen peto, benevolentiam 

35 tuam et liberalitatem peto, neque impedio quo 
minus, si tibi ita placuerit, etiam his eum ornes 
gloriolae insignibus; totum denique hominein tibi 
ita trado, ' de manu,' ut aiunt, ' in manum ' tuam 
istam et victoria et fide praestantem. Cura ut 

40 valeas, et me, ut amas, ama. 



LETTER 7 {ad fam. vii 7). 

This letter and the next were written in the autumn 
of 54 B.C., hy Cicero at Rome to Trebatius, who was now 
in Gaul with Caesar. 

Cicero playfully advises Trebatius to return to Rome 
at once^ if Britain turns out as poor a prize as report 
says ; he tells Trebatius seriously that this is the chance 
of his life. In the second letter he complains of getting 
no news and repeats his advice to make use of the 
opportunity. 

Ego te commendare non desisto, sed quid pro- 
ficiam ex te scire cupio. Spem maximam habeo 
in Balbo, ad quem de te diligentissime et saepis- 
sime scribo. Illud soleo mirari, non me totiens 
5 accipere tuas litteras, quotiens a Quinto mihi 
fratre afferantur. In Britannia nihil esse audio 
neque auri neque argenti. Id si ita est, essedum 
aliquod capias suadeo et ad nos quamprimum 
recurras. 



Advice to Trehatius 33 

Sin autem sine Britannia tamen assequi quod lo 
volumus possumus, perfice ut sis in familiaribus 
Caesaris. Multum te in eo frater adiuvabit mens, 
multum Balbus, sed, mihi crede, tuus pudor et 
labor plurimum. Imperatorem habes liberalis- 
simum, aetatem opportunissimam, commendatio- 15 
nem certe singularem, ut tibi unum timendum 
sit, ne ipse tibi defuisse videare. 



LETTER 8 (ad fam, vii 9). 

lam diu ignoro quid agas; nihil enim scribis; 
neque ego ad te his duobus mensibus scripseram. 
Quod cum Quinto fratre meo non eras, quo mit- 
terem aut cui darem nesciebam. Cupio scire quid 
agas et ubi sis hiematurus ; equidem velim cum 5 
Caesare, sed ad eum propter eius luctum nihil sum 
ausus scribere; ad Balbum tamen scripsi. 

Tu tibi deesse noli; serins potius ad nos, dum 
plenior. Quod hue properes, nihil est. Sed tibi 
consilium non deest. Quid constitueris, cupio 10 
scire. 

LETTER 9 {ad fam. ii 4). 

This letter and the next were written in the summer 
of 53 B.c.^ by Cicero at Rome to his young friend Curio 
(see p. 17)^ who was serving as quaestor in Asia. 

The political allusions refer to the position of the 
Triumvirate (see p. 5) still paramount at Rome. 

Cicero says that the times are too serious for jesting 

D. 3 



34 Advice to a young friend 

and urges Curio to act as nobly in the future as he has 
done up to the present time. In the second letter he 
speaks still more strongly of the political situation. 

Epistularum genera multa esse non ignoras, 
sed unum illud certissimum, cuius causa inventa 
res ipsa est, ut certiores faceremus absentes, si 
quid esset, quod eos scire aut nostra aut ipsorum 
5 interesset. Huius generis litteras a me profecto 
non exspectas; tuarum enim rerum domesticos 
habes et scriptores et nuntios, in meis autem rebus 
nihil est sane novi. Reliqua sunt epistularum 
genera duo, quae me magnopere delectant, unum 

lo familiare et iocosum, alterum severum et grave. 
Utro me minus deceat uti, non intellego. locerne 
tecum per litteras.? Civem mehercule non puto 
esse, qui temporibus his ridere possit. An gravius 
aliquid scribam ? Quid est quod possit graviter 

15 a Cicerone scribi ad Curionem nisi de re publica.? 
Atqui in hoc genere haec mea causa est, ut neque 
ea, quae sentio, audeam neque ea, quae non 
sentio, velim scribere. 

Quamobrem, quoniam mihi nullum scribendi 

20 argumentum relictum est, utar ea clausula, qua 
soleo, teque ad studium summae laudis cohortabor. 
Est enim tibi gravis adversaria constituta et parata, 
incredibilis quaedam exspectatio; quam tu una re 
facillime vinces, si hoc statueris, quarum laudum 

25 gloriam adamaveris, quibus artibus eae laudes com- 
parantur, in iis esse laborandum. In banc sen ten - 
tiam scriberem plura, nisi te tua sponte satis 



Advice to a young friend 35 

incitatum esse confiderem ; et hoc, quidquid attigi, 
non feci inflammandi tui causa, sed testificandi 
amoris mei. 30 



LETTER 10 {adfam, ii 5). 

Haec negotia quomodo se habeant, ne epistula 
quidem narrare audeo. Tibi, etsi, ubicumque es, 
ut scripsi ad te ante, in eadem es navi, tamen, 
quod abes, gratulor, vel quia non vides ea quae 
nos, vel quod excelso et illustri loco sita est laus 5 
tua in plurimorum et sociorum et civium con- 
spectu, quae ad nos nee obscuro nee vario sermone 
sed et clarissima et una omnium voce perfertur. 

Unum illud nescio, gratulerne tibi an timeam, 
quod mirabilis est exspectatio reditus tui, non quo 10 
verear ne tua virtus opinioni hominum non respon- 
deat, sed mehercule ne, cum veneris, non habeas 
iam, quod cures; ita sunt omnia debilitata et iam 
prope exstincta. Sed haec ipsa nescio rectene 
sint litteris commissa; quare cetera cognosces ex 15 
aliis. Tu tamen, sive habes aliquam spem de re 
publica sive desperas, ea para, meditare, cogita, 
quae esse in eo civi ac viro debent, qui sit rem 
publicam afflictam et oppressam miseris tempori- 
bus ac perditis moribus in veterem dignitatem et 23 
libertatem vindicaturus. 



3—2 



36 A glorious victory 



LETTER 11 (adfam, vii 2). 

This letter was written early in 51 b.c.^ by Cicero at 
Rome to Marius at liis estate near Pompeii (see p. 18). 

Cicero first promises to perform a commission for his 
friend, and then expresses his great joy over the result of 
Bursa's trial. 

Bursa_, an active supporter of Clodius (see p. 6), 
after the death of Clodius on January 17, 52 b.c, was 
prosecuted by Cicero and condemned for his part in the 
riots which took place at the funeral. 

Mandatum tuum curabo diligenter. Sed homo 
acutus ei mandasti potissimum, cui expediret illud 
venire quam plurimo. Sed de ioco satis est. Tuum 
negotium agam, sicuti debeo, diligenter. 
5 De Bursa te gaudere certo scio; sed nimis 
verecunde mihi gratularis; putas enim, ut scribis, 
propter hominis sordes minus me magnam illam 
laetitiam putare. Credas mihi velim magis me 
iudicio hoc quam morte inimici laetatum. Primum 

lo enim iudicio malo quam gladio, deinde gloria potius 
amici quam calamitate ; imprimisque me delectavit 
tantum studium bonorum in me exstitisse contra 
incredibilem contentionem clarissimi et potentis- 
simi viri; postremo (vix verisimile fortasse vide- 

15 atur) oderam multo peius hunc quam ilium ipsum 
Clodium. 

Ilium enim oppugnaram, hunc defenderam ; et 
ille, cum omnis res publica in meo capite discrimen 
esset habitura, magnum quiddam spectavit, nee 



A glorious victory 37 

sua sponte sed eorum auxilio, qui me stante stare 20 
non poterant, hie simiolus animi causa me in quem 
inveheretur delegerat, persuaseratque nonnuUis 
invidis meis se in me emissarium semper fore. 
Quamobrem valde iubeo gaudere te. Magna res 
gesta est. Nunquam uUi fortiores cives fuerunt 25 
quam qui ausi sunt eum contra tantas opes eius, a 
quo ipsi lecti indices erant, condemnare ; quod 
fecissent nunquam, nisi iis dolori mens fuisset 
dolor. 

Nos hie in multitudine et celebritate iudici- 30 
orum et novis legibus ita distinemur ut cotidie 
vota faciamus ne intercaletur, ut quamprimum 
te videre possimus. 



LETTER 12 {ad Att, v 1). 

This letter was written in May, 51 b.c._, by Cicero at 
Minturnae to Atticus (see p. 18) at Rome. 

Pomponia^ the sister of Atticus^ was the wife of 
Cicero's brother^ Quintus ; and Cicero gives a lively 
description of a scene in which Pomponia showed bad 
temper towards her husband. He suggests that Atticus 
should remonstrate with his sister. 

Ego vero et tuum in discessu vidi animum et 
de meo sum ipse testis. Quo magis erit tibi 
videndum ne quid novi decernatur, ut hoc 
nostrum desiderium ne plus sit annuum. 

Nunc venio ad transversum ilium extremae 5 
epistulae tuae versiculum, in quo me admones de 



38 An ill-tempered wife 

sorore. Quae res se sic habet. Ut veni in 
Arpinas, cum ad me frater venisset, imprimis 
nobis sermo isque multus de te fuit. Ex quo 

lo ego veni ad ea quae fueramus ego et tu inter nos 
de sorore in Tusculano locuti. Nihil tam vidi 
mite, nihil tam placatum quam tum mens frater 
erat in sororem tuam, ut, etiam si qua fuerat ex 
ratione sumptus oftensio, non appareret. lUo sic 

15 die. Postridie ex Arpinati profecti sumus. Ut 
in Arcano Quintus maneret dies fecit, ego Aquini, 
sed prandimus in Arcano. Nosti hunc fundum. 
Quo ut venimus, humanissime Quintus 'Pomponia*' 
inquit ' tu in vita mulieres, ego viros accepero." 

20 Nihil potuit, mihi quidem ut visum est, dulcius 
idque cum verbis tum etiam animo ac vultu. At 
ilia audientibus nobis ' Ego ipsa sum ' inquit ' hie 
hospita ** : id autem ex eo, ut opinor, quod ante- 
cesserat Statins ut prandium nobis videret. Tum 

25 Quintus 'En' inquit mihi 'haec ego patior cotidie.' 

Dices ' Quid, quaeso, istuc erat ? ' Magnum ; 

itaque me ipsum commoverat; sic absurde et 

aspere verbis vultuque responderat. Dissimulavi 

dolens. Discubuimus omnes praeter illam, cui 

30 tamen Quintus de mensa misit. Ilia reiecit. Quid 
multa? nihil meo fratre lenius, nihil asperius tua 
sorore mihi visum est; et multa praetereo quae 
tum mihi maiori stomacho quam ipsi Quinto 
fuerunt. Ego inde Aquinum. Quintus in Arcano 

35 remansit et Aquinum ad me postridie mane venit 
mihique narravit nee secum illam dormire voluisse 



Cicero on his way to his province 39 

et, cum discessura esset, fuisse eiusmodi qualem ego 
vidissem. Quid quaeris? vel ipsi hoc dicas licet, 
humanitatem ei meo iudicio illo die defuisse. 

Haec ad te scripsi fortasse pluribus quam 40 
necesse fuit, ut videres tuas quoque esse partes 
instituendi et monendi. Reliquum est ut, ante 
quam proficiscare, mandata nostra exhaurias, scri- 
bas ad me omnia, Pomptinum extrudas, cum pro- 
fectus eris, cures ut sciam, sic habeas nihil me- 45 
hercule te mihi nee carius esse nee suavius. 



LETTER 13 {ad Att v 5). 

This letter was written on May 15, 51 b.c._, by Cicero 
at Venusia to Atticus at Rome. 

Cicero was on his way to Brundisiuni, to start from 
there for his province of Cilicia (see p. 7). 

Cicero says he has no news and will report later some 
conversations he has had with Pompey. He begs Atticus 
to write, and reminds him that a debt to Caesar must be 
paid. 

Plane deest quod scribam ; nam nee quod man- 
dem habeo (nihil enim praetermissum est), nee 
quod narrem (novi enim nihil), nee iocandi locus 
est ; ita me multa sollicitant. Tantum tamen 
scito, Idibus Maiis nos Venusia mane proficiscentes 5 
has dedisse. Eo autem die credo aliquid actum 
in senatu, Sequantur igitur nos tuae litterae 
quibus non modo res omnes sed etiam rumores 
cognoscamus. Eas accipiemus Brundisii; ibi enim 



40 Cicero on his way to his province 

lo Pomptinum ad earn diem quam tu scripsisti ex- 
spectare consilium est. 

Nos Tarenti quos cum Pompeio sermones de 
re publica habuerimus ad te perscribemus. Etsi 
id ipsum scire cupio, quod ad tempus recte ad te 

15 scribere possim, id est quamdiu Romae futurus 
sis, ut aut quo dem posthac litteras sciam aut ne 
dem frustra. Sed ante quam proficiscare, utique 
explicatum sit illud HS. xx et dccc. Hoc velim 
in maximis rebus et maxime necessariis habeas, ut, 

20 quod auctore te velle coepi, adiutore assequar. 



LETTER 14 {adfam. ii 11). 

This letter was written on April 4^ 50 b.c.^ by Cicero 
at Laodicea in Asia to Caelius (see p. 19) at Rome. 

Cicero devoutly hopes that the term of his government 
of Cilicia will not be prolonged . He promises to supply 
Caelius, if he can^ with panthers for his shows at Rome. 

Putaresne unquam accidere posse, ut mihi 
verba deessent, neque solum ista vestra oratoria 
sed haec etiam levia nostratia.? Desunt autem 
propter banc causam, quod mirifice sum sollicitus, 

5 quidnam de provinciis decernatur. Mirum me 
desideriam tenet urbis, incredibile meorum atque 
imprimis tui, satietas autem provinciae, vel quia 
videmar eam famam consecuti, ut non tam accessio 
quaerenda quam fortuna metuenda sit, vel quia 

10 totum negotium non est dignum viribus nostris. 



A letter from Cilicia 41 

qui maiora onera in re publica sustinere et possim 
et soleam, vel quia belli magni timor impendet, 
quod videmur effugere, si ad constitutam diem 
decedemus. 

De pantheris per eos, qui venari solent, agitur 15 
mandatu meo diligenter; sed mira paucitas est, et 
eas, quae sunt, valde aiunt queri, quod nihil cui- 
quam insidiarum in mea provincia nisi sibi fiat. 
Itaque constituisse dicuntur in Cariam ex nostra 
provincia decedere. Sed tamen sedulo fit et im- 20 
primis a Patisco. Quidquid erit, tibi erit, sed 
quid esset plane nesciebamus. Mihi mehercule 
magnae curae est aedilitas tua ; ipse dies me ad- 
monebat ; scripsi enim haec ipsis Megalensibus. 
Tu velim ad me de omni rei publicae statu quam 25 
diligentissime perscribas; ea enim certissima pu- 
tabo, quae ex te cognovero. 



LETTER 15 (ad fam. xvi 1). 

This letter was written on November 3^ 50 b.c.^ by- 
Cicero^ on the return from his province to Italy^ to Tiro 
(see p. 19)^ whom he had left ill at Patrae on the 
Corinthian gulf. 

Cicero expresses his great desire to have Tiro back 
with him^ but urges him to run no risks on the score of 
health. 

Paulo facilius putavi posse me ferre desiderium 
tui, sed plane non fero, et, quamquam magni ad 
honorem nostrum interest quamprimum ad urbem 



42 A letter to an invalid 

me venire, tamen peccasse mihi videor qui a te 
5 discesserim ; sed quia tua voluntas ea videbatur 
esse, ut prorsus nisi confirmato corpore nolles 
navigare, approbavi tuum consilium, neque nunc 
muto, si tu in eadem es sententia; sin autem, 
postea quam cibum cepisti, videris tibi posse me 

lo consequi, tuum consilium est. Marionem ad te 

eo misi, ut aut tecum ad me quamprimum ve- 

niret aut, si tu morarere, statim ad me rediret. 

Tu autem hoc tibi persuade, si commodo vale- 

tudinis tuae fieri possit, nihil me malle quam te 

15 esse mecum; si autem intelleges opus esse te Patris 
convalescendi causa paulum commorari, nihil me 
malle quam te valere. Si statim navigas, nos 
Leucade consequere ; sin te confirmare vis, et 
comites et tempestates et navem idoneam ut 

20 habeas diligenter videbis. Unum illud, mi Tiro, 
videto, si me amas, ne te Marionis adventus et 
hae litterae moveant. Quod valetudini tuae 
maxime conducet si feceris, maxime obtemperaris 
voluntati meae. 

25 Haec pro tuo ingenio considera. Nos ita te 
desideramus, ut amemus ; amor ut valentem vide- 
amus hortatur, desiderium ut quamprimum ; illud 
igitur potius. Cura ergo potissimum ut valeas. 
De tuis innumerabilibus in me officiis erit hoc 

30 gratissimum. 



Another letter to an invalid 43 



LETTER 16 {ad fam, xvi 11). 

This letter was written on January 12^ 49 b.c._, by 
Cicero near Rome to Tiro who was still detained at Patrae 
by illness. 

Cicero hopes that Tiro will make health his first 
consideration and not attempt the journey before he is fit 
for it. He then tells of the threatening- attitude of Caesar 
and of the measures taken by the Senate to repel Caesar's 
invasion of the country. 

Etsi opportunitatem operae tuae omnibus locis 
desidero, tamen non tarn mea quam tua causa 
doleo te non valere; sed quoniam in quartanam 
conversa vis est morbi (sic enim scribit Curius), 
spero te diligentia adhibita iam firmiorem fore; 5 
modo fac, id quod est humanitatis tuae, ne quid 
aliud cures hoc tempore nisi ut quam commo- 
dissime convalescas. Non ignoro quantum ex 
desiderio labores ; sed erunt omnia facilia, si 
valebis. Festinare te nolo, ne nauseae molestiam lo 
suscipias aeger et periculose hieme naviges. 

Ego ad urbem accessi pr. Non. Ian. Obviara 
mihi sic est proditum, ut nihil possit fieri ornatius; 
sed incidi in ipsam flammam civilis discordiae vel 
potius belli. Cui cum cuperem mederi et, ut 15 
arbitror, possem, cupiditates certorum hominum 
(nam ex utraque parte sunt qui pugnare cupiant) 
impedimento mihi fuerunt. Omnino et ipse 
Caesar, amicus noster, minaces ad senatum et 
acerbas litteras miserat et erat adhuc impudens 20 



44 Civil war 

qui exercitum et provinciam invito senatu teneret, 
et Curio meus ilium incitabat; Ahtonius quidem 
noster et Q. Cassius nulla vi expulsi ad Caesarem 
cum Curione profecti erant, postea quam senatus 

25 consulibus, praetoribus, tribunis plebis et nobis, 
qui pro consulibus sumus, negotium dederat ut 
curaremus ne quid res publica detrimenti caperet. 
Nunquam maiore in periculo civitas fuit, nunquam 
improbi cives habuerunt paratiorem ducem. Om- 

30 nino ex hac quoque parte diligentissime compa- 
ratur. Id fit auctoritate et studio Pompeii nostri, 
qui Caesarem sero coepit timere. 

Nobis inter has turbas senatus tamen frequens 
flagitavit triumphum ; sed Lentulus consul, quo 

35 mains suum beneficium faceret, simul atque expe- 
disset quae essent necessaria de re publica dixit 
se relaturum. Nos agimus nihil cupide eoque est 
nostra pluris auctoritas. Italiae regiones dis- 
criptae sunt, quam quisque partem tueretur. Nos 

40 Capuam sumpsimus. 

Haec te scire volui. Tu etiam atque etiam 
cura ut valeas litterasque ad me mittas, quotiens- 
cumque habebis cui des. Etiam atque etiam vale. 
D. pr. Idus Ian. 

LETTER 17 {ad fam. xiv 14). 

This letter was written on January 23^ 49 b.c.^ by 
Cicero at Minturnae to his wife and daughter at Rome. 

The civil war had now begun. Caesar was marching 
south with surprising speed at the head of his army ; 



To two ladies shut up in Rome 45 

Pompey was raising levies throughout Italy. Cicero had 
undertaken to superintend the levy in Campania. 

Cicero tells the ladies to consult Atticus and other 
friends^ whether it is safe and proper for them to remain 
at Rome which can make no defence against Caesar. 

Si vos valetis, nos valemus. Vestrum iam con- 
silium est, non solum meum, quid sit vobis facien- 
dum. Si ille Romam modeste venturus est, recte 
in praesentia domi esse potestis; sin homo amens 
diripiendam urbem daturus est, vereor ut Dolabella 5 
ipse satis nobis prodesse possit. Etiam illud metuo 
ne iam intercludamur, ut, cum velitis exire, non 
liceat. Reliquum est, quod ipsae optime con- 
siderabitis, vestri similes feminae sintne Romae; 
si enim non sunt, videndum est ut honeste vos lo 
esse possitis. Quomodo quidem nunc se res 
habet, modo ut haec nobis loca tenere liceat, 
bellissime vel mecum vel in nostris praediis esse 
poteritis. Etiam illud verendum est ne brevi 
tempore fames in urbe sit. 15 

His de rebus velim cum Pomponio, cum 
Camillo, cum quibus vobis videbitur, consideretis, 
ad sum mam animo forti sitis. Labienus rem 
meliorem fecit ; adiuvat etiam Piso, quod ab urbe 
discedit et sceleris condemnat generum suum. Vos, 20 
meae carissimae animae, quam saepissime ad me 
scribite et vos quid agatis et quid istic agatur. 
Quintus pater et filius vobis s. d. Valete. viii Kal. 
Minturnis. 



46 Feeling in the comitry towns 



LETTER 18 (ad Att. viii 13). 

This letter was written on March \, 49 b.c._, by Cicero 
at Formiae to Atticus who still remained at Rome. Terentia 
and TuUia were now at Formiae^ having left Rome on 
February 2. 

Caesar was now in full career of victory. On 
February 24^ he had taken Corfinium with many prisoners 
and had surprised all Italy by his generous treatment of 
them. He reached Brundisium at the head of 40^000 men 
on March 4^ and besieged Pompey and the consuls there till 
they were forced to leave Italy on March 17. He then 
returned to Rome. 

Cicero expresses his anxiety for Pompey and remarks 
on the change of feeling in Italy^ so that Caesar^ who was 
once a bugbear^ is now the popular hero. 

Eippitudinis meae sigmim tibi sit librarii ma- 
nus et eadem causa brevitatis ; etsi nunc quidem 
quod scriberem nihil erat. Omnis exspectatio 
nostra erat in nuntiis Brundisinis. Si nactus hie 
5 esset Gnaeum nostrum, spes dubia pacis, sin ille 
ante transmisisset, exitiosi belli metus. Sed videsne 
in quern hominem inciderit res publica, quam 
acutum, quam vigilantem, quam paratum ? Si 
mehercule neminem occiderit nee cuiquam quid- 

to quam ademerit, ab iis qui eum maxime timuerant 
maxime diligetur. 

Multum mecum municipales homines loquun- 
tur, multum rusticani ; nihil prorsus aliud curant 
nisi agros, nisi villulas, nisi nummulos suos. Et 

15 vide quam con versa res sit; ilium quo antea con- 



A declaration of policy 47 

fidebant metuunt, hunc amant quern timebant. 
Id quantis nostris peccatis vitiisque evenerit, nori 
possum sine molestia cogitare. Quae autem im- 
pendere putarem, scripseram ad te et iam tuas 
litteras exspectabam. 20 



LETl^ER 19 {ad Att ix 7 c). 

This letter was written about March 1^ 49 b.c.^ by 
Caesar_, on his march^ to his confidential agents Oppius 
and Balbus at Rome. A copy was sent by them to Cicero. 

The letter is a declaration of policy. Caesar does not 
mean to imitate the example of Marius and Sulla who 
massacred their own countrymen. He hopes still to 
detach Pompey from his alliance with the senatorial 
party. 

Gaudeo mehercule vos significare litteris quam 
valde probetis ea quae apud Corfinium sunt gesta. 
Consilio vestro utar libenter et hoc libentius quod 
mea sponte facere constitueram ut quam lenissi- 
mum me praeberem et Pompeium darem operam 5 
ut reconciliarem. Temptemus hoc modo si possi- 
mus omnium voluntates reciperare et diuturna 
victoria uti, quoniam reliqui crudelitate odium 
efFugere non potuerunt neque victoriam diutius 
tenere praeter unum L. Sullam quem imitaturus 10 
non sum. Haec nova sit ratio vincendi ut miseri- 
cordia et liberalitate nos muniamus. Id quemad- 
modum fieri possit, nonnuUa mihi in mentem 
veniunt et multa reperiri possunt. De his rebus 
rogo vos ut cogitationem suscipiatis. 15 



48 A letter from the conqueror 

N. Magium Pompei praefectum deprehendi. 
Scilicet meo iiistituto usus sum et eum statim 
missum feci. lam duo praefecti fabrum Pompei 
in meam potestatem venerunt et a me missi sunt. 
20 Si volent grati esse, debebunt Pompeium hortari 
ut malit mihi esse amicus quam iis qui et illi et 
mihi semper fuerunt inimicissimi, quorum artificiis 
effectum est ut res publica in hunc statum per- 
veniret. 



LETTER 20 (ad Att ix 16). 

This letter was written on March 26, 49 b.c, by 
Cicero at Formiae to Atticus at Rome. 

Cicero now knew that Pompey had been driven from 
Italy. He encloses a letter^ in which Caesar thanked 
Cicero for a complimentary letter and urged him to 
return to Rome^ whither Caesar was now on his way from 
Brundisium. 

Cum quod scriberem ad te nihil haberem, 
tamen ne quem diem intermitterem has dedi 
litteras. A. d. vi K. Caesarem Sinuessae man- 
surum nuntiabant. Ab eo mihi litterae redditae 
5 sunt a. d. vii K. Cum eius clementiam Corfinien- 
sem illam per litteras collaudavissem, rescripsit 
hoc exemplo : 

'Recte auguraris de me (bene enim tibi cognitus 

sum) nihil a me abesse longius crudelitate. Atque 

10 ego cum ex ipsa re magnam capio voluptatem, turn 

meum factum probari abs te triumpho gaudio. 

Neque illud me movet quod ii qui a me dimissi 



Caesar amd Cicero meet 49 

sunt discessisse dicuntur ut mihi rursus bellum 
inferrent. Nihil enim malo quam et me mei 
similem esse et illos sui. 15 

Tu velim mihi ad urbem praesto sis, ut tuis 
consiliis atque opibus, ut consuevi, in omnibus 
rebus utar. Dolabella tuo nihil scito mihi esse 
iueundius. Nee ideo habebo gratiam illi ; neque 
enim aliter facere' poterat. Tanta eius humanitas, 20 
is sensus, ea in me est benevolentia." 



LETTER 21 {ad Jtt. ix 18 § 1). 

This letter was written on March 29, 49 b.c, hy 
Cicero at Arpinum to Atticus at Rome. 

It describes how Caesar_, at a personal interview_, 
pressed Cicero to come to Rome_, and how Cicero, to 
his credit, refused to comply (see p. 8). 

Utrumque ex tuo consilio ; nam et oratio fuit 
ea nostra ut bene potius ille de nobis existimaret 
quam gratias ageret, et in eo mansimus, ne ad 
urbem. Ilia fefellerunt facilem quod putaramus; 
nihil vidi minus. Damnari se nostro iudicio, tar- 5 
diores fore reliquos, si nos non venerimus, dicere. 
Ego dissimilem illorum esse causam. Cum multa, 
' Veni igitur et age de pace.' ' Meone ' inquam 
' arbitratu ? ' 'An tibi ' inquit ' ego praescribam ? 
' Sic "* inquam ' agam, senatui non placere in His- 10 
panias iri nee exercitus in Graeciam transportari, 
multaque' inquam 'de Gnaeo deplorabo." Tum 
ille, ' Ego vero ista dici nolo.'' ' Ita putabam ' 

D. 4 



50 Caesar and Cicero meet 

inquam ; ' sed ego eo nolo adesse, quod aut sic mihi 
15 dicendum est multaque quae nuUo modo possem 
silere si adessem, aut non veniendum.' Summa 
fuit, ut ille quasi exitum quaerens, ' ut deliberarem.' 
Non fuit negandum. Ita discessimus. Credo igitur 
hunc me non amare. At ego me amavi, quod mihi 
20 iampridem usu non venit. 



LETTER 22 {ad fam. ix 1). 

This letter was written in the year 46 b.c.^ by Cicero at 
Rome to Varro^ the great scholar and antiquary (see 
p. 20). 

The civil war was over. Pompey was dead ; Caesar 
had conquered his enemies in battle after battle ; Cicero 
had found favour with Caesar and returned to Rome after 
his long and miserable sojourn at Brundisium (see p. 8). 

Varro had fought for the Senate in Spain but yielded to 
Caesar after Pharsalia and easily made his peace with him. 

Cicero expresses a hope that they will soon meet and 
be able to forget political disasters over books_, to which 
he has now returned_, having acted less wisely than Varro, 
who never left them. 

Ex iis litteris, quas Atticus a te missas mihi 
legit, quid ageres et ubi esses cognovi; quando 
autem te visuri essemus, nihil sane ex isdem litteris 
potui suspicari ; in spem tamen venio appropinquare 
5 tuum adventum; qui mihi utinam solacio sit! etsi 
tot tantisque rebus urgemur, ut nullam alleva- 
tionem quisquam non stultissimus sperare debeat; 
sed tamen aut tu potes me aut ego te fortasse 
aliqua re iuvare. 



Cicero goes hack to his books 51 

Scito enim me, postea quam in urbem venerim, lo 
redisse cum veteribus amicis, id est cum libris 
nostris, in gratiam; etsi non idcirco eorum usum 
dimiseram, quod iis suscenserem, sed quod eorum 
me suppudebat; videbar enim mihi, cum me in res 
turbulentissimas infidelissimis sociis demisissem, 15 
praeceptis illorum non satis paruisse. Ignoscunt 
mihi, revocant in consuetudinem pristinam, teque, 
quod in eo permanseris, sapientiorem quam me 
dicunt fuisse. Quamobrem, quoniam placatis iis 
utor, videor sperare debere, si te viderim, et ea, 20 
quae premant, et ea, quae impendeant, me facile 
laturum. Quamobrem sive in Tusculano sive in 
Cumano ad te placebit, sive, quod minime velim, 
Romae, dummodo simul simus, perficiam profecto 
ut id utrique nostrum commodissimum esse diiu- 25 
dicetur. 



LETTER 23 (ad fam, vii 3). 

The letter^ from which this is an extract^ was written 
in Jnly, 46 b.c._, by Cicero at Rome to his friend Marius 
(see p. 18)^ who was probably at his house near Pompeii. 

Cicero recalls an interview he had with Marius in 
May, 49 b.c, shortly before he sailed to join Pompey's 
army. He describes how he thought it right to leave 
Italy and join Pompey, but also thought it right to give 
up the struggle after Pharsalia. 

Persaepe mihi cogitanti de communibus mi- 
seriis, in quibus tot annos versamur et, ut video, 

4—2 



52 Criticism of Pompey's followers 

versabimur, solet in mentem venire illius temporis, 
quo proxime fuimus una; quin etiam ipsum diem 
5 memoria teneo; nam a. d. iiii Id. Mai. Lentulo et 
Marcello consulibus, cum in Pompeianum vesperi 
venissem, tu mihi sollicito animo praesto fuisti. 
SoUicitum autem te habebat cogitatio cum officii 
tum etiam periculi mei. Si manerem in Italia, vere- 

10 bare ne officio deessem; si proficiscerer ad bellum, 
periculum te meum commovebat. Quo tempore 
vidisti profecto me quoque ita conturbatum ut non 
explicarem quid esset optimum factu. Pudori 
tamen malui famaeque cedere quam salutis meae 

15 rationem ducere. 

Cuius me mei facti paenituit non tam propter 
periculum meum quam propter vitia multa, quae 
ibi offendi quo veneram — primum neque magnas 
copias neque bellicosas; deinde extra ducem pau- 

20 cosque praeterea (de principibus loquor) reliqui 
primum in ipso bello rapaces, deinde in oratione 
ita crudeles ut ipsam victoriam horrerem; maxi- 
mum autem aes alienum amplissimorum virorum. 
Quid quaeris ? nihil boni praeter causam. Quae 

25 cum vidissem, desperans victoriam primum coepi 
suadere pacem, cuius fueram semper auctor; deinde, 
cum ab ea sententia Pompeius valde abhorreret, 
suadere institui ut bellum duceret. Hoc interdum 
probabat et in ea sententia videbatur fore, et 

30 fuisset fortasse, nisi quadam ex pugna coepisset 
suis militibus confidere. Ex eo tempore vir ille 
summus nuUus imperator fuit. Signa tirone et 



Cicero a true prophet 53 

coUecticio exercitu cum legionibus robustissimis 
contulit ; victus turpissime amissis etiam castris 
solus fugit. Hunc ego mihi belli finem feci, nee 35 
putavi, cum integri pares non fuissemus, fractos 
superiores fore. 



LETTER 24 {ad fam. vi 6. 2-7). 

This letter was written in the year 46 b.c._, by Cicero at 
Rome to Caecina (see p. 20) who was in exile. 

Cicero prophesies that Caecina will soon be able to 
return from exile and come back again to Italy. He 
claims credit as a prophet^ because he foretold accurately 
the whole course of the civil war. 

Cum me ex re publica expulissent ii, qui illam 
cadere posse stante me non putarunt, memini me 
ex multis hospitibus, qui ad me ex Asia, in qua 
tu eras, venerant, audire, te de glorioso et celeri 
reditu meo confirmare. 5 

Si te ratio quaedam mira Tuscae disciplinae, 
quam a patre, nobilissimo atque optimo viro, 
acceperas, non fefellit, ne nos quidem nostra 
divinatio fallet, quam cum sapientissimorum vi- 
rorum monumentis atque praeceptis plurimoque, lo 
ut tu scis, doctrinae studio, tum magno etiam usu 
tractandae rei publicae magnaque nostrorum tem- 
porum varietate consecuti sumus. 

Cui quidem divinationi hoc plus confidimus, 
quod ea nos nihil in his tam obscuris rebus tamque 15 
perturbatis unquam omnino fefellit. Dicerem, 



54 Cicero a true prophet 

quae ante futura dixissem, ni vererer ne ex eventis 
fingere viderer. Sed tamen plurimi sunt testes me 
et initio, ne coniungeret se cum Caesare, monuisse 

20 Pompeium, et postea, ne seiungeret. Coniunctione 
frangi senatus opes, diiunctione civile bellum ex- 
citari videbam. Atque utebar familiarissime 
Caesare, Pompeium faciebam plurimi, sed erat 
meum consilium cum fidele Pompeio tum salutare 

25 utrique. 

Quae praeterea providerim praetereo ; nolo enim 
hunc, de me optime meritum, existimare ea me 
suasisse Pompeio, quibus ille si paruisset, esset hie 
quidem clarus in toga et princeps, sed tantas opes, 

30 quantas nunc habet, non haberet. Eundum in 
Hispaniam censui. Quod si fecisset, civile bellum 
nullum omnino fuisset. 

Victa est auctoritas mea non tam a Pompeio 
(nam is movebatur) quam ab iis, qui duce Pompeio 

35 freti peropportunam et rebus domesticis et cupidi- 
tatibus suis illius belli victoriam fore putabant. 
Susceptum bellum est quiescente me, depulsum ex 
Italia manente me, quoad potui ; sed valuit apud 
me plus pudor mens quam timor ; veritus sum 

40 deesse Pompei saluti, cum ille aliquando non de- 
fuisset meae. Itaque vel officio vel fama bonorum 
vel pudore victus, ut in fabulis Ampliiaraus, sic 
ego ' prudens et sciens ad pestem ante oculos 
positam' sum profectus. Quo in bello nihil 

45 adversi accidit non praedicente me. Quare, 
quoniam, ut augures et astrologi solent, ego 



A letter of consolation 55 

quoque augur publicus ex meis superioribus prae- 
dictis constitui apud te auctoritatem augurii et 
divinationis meae, debebit habere fidem nostra 
praedictio. 50 



LETTER 25 (ad fam, iv 5). 

This famous letter was written in April^ 45 b.c.^ by 
Servius (see p. 21) at Athens to Cicero at Astura^ an 
island on the coast of Latium_, to which he had retired 
after the death of his daughter^ Tullia_, in March. 

Servius^ formerly an adherent of Pompey^ had been 
appointed by Caesar to govern Greece. Yet the chief 
consolation^ which he urges upon Cicero throughout his 
letter^ is this : that^ with the loss of liberty, life had 
ceased to be worth living for Tullia or for any Roman. 
He also points out that not men only, but cities also, 
cease to be ; and he ends by saying that excessive grief is 
unworthy of Cicero and would pain Tullia, if she could 
know of it. 

Postea quam mihi renuntiatum est de obitu 
Tulliae, filiae tuae, sane quam, pro eo ac debui, 
graviter molesteque tuli communemque earn calami- 
tatem existimavi; qui, si istic adfuissem, neque tibi 
defuissem coramque raeum dolorem tibi decla- 5 
rassem. Etsi genus hoc consolationis miserum 
atque acerbum est, propterea quia, per quos ea 
confieri debet, propinquos ac familiares, ii ipsi pari 
molestia afficiuntur neque sine lacrimis multis id 
conari possunt, uti magis ipsi videantur aliorum 10 
consolatione indigere quam aliis posse suum 



56 A letter of consolation 

officium praestare, tamen, quae in praesentia in 
mentem mi hi venerunt, decrevi brevi ad te per- 
scribere, non quo ea te fugere existimem, sed quod 

15 forsitan dolore impeditus minus ea perspicias. 

Quid est quod tantopere te commoveat tuus 
dolor intestinus? Cogita, quemadmodum adhuc 
fortuna nobiscum egerit; ea nobis erepta esse, quae 
hominibus non minus quam liberi cara esse debent, 

20 patriam, honestatem, dignitatem, honores omnes. 
Hoc uno incommodo addito quid ad dolorem 
adiungi potuit? aut qui non in illis rebus exerci- 
tatus animus callere iam debet atque omnia minoris 
existimare ? 

25 An illius vicem, cedo, doles ? Quotiens in 
eam cogitationem necesse est et tu veneris et nos 
saepe incidimus, his temporibus non pessime cum 
iis esse actum, quibus sine dolore licitum est 
mortem cum vita commutare ! Quid autem fuit 

30 quod illam hoc tempore ad vivendum magno- 
pere invitare posset? quae res, quae spes, quod 
animi solacium ? ut cum aliquo adulescente pri- 
mario coniuncta aetatem gereret ? liicitum est 
tibi, credo, pro tua dignitate ex hac iuventute 

35 generum deligere, cuius fidei liberos tuos te tuto 
committere putares. An ut ea liberos ex sese 
pareret, quos cum florentcs videret laetaretur, qui 
rem a parente traditam per se tenere possent, 
honores ordinatim petituri essent in re publica, 

40 in amicorum negotiis libertate sua usuri ? Quid 
horum fuit quod non priusquam datum est ademp- 



A letter of consolation 57 

turn sit? At vero malum est liberos amittere. 
Malum; nisi hoc peius sit, haec sufferre et perpeti. 

Quae res mihi non mediocrem consolationem 
attulit, volo tibi commemorare, si forte eadem res 45 
tibi dolorem minuere possit. Ex Asia rediens cum 
ab Aegina Megaram versus navigarem, coepi regi- 
ones circumcirca prospicere. Post me erat Aegina, 
ante me Megara, dextra Piraeus, sinistra Corinthus, 
quae oppida quodam tempore florentissima fuerunt, 50 
nunc prostrata et diruta ante oculos iacent. Coepi 
egomet mecum sic cogitare: 'Hem! nos homunculi 
indignamur, si quis nostrum interiit aut occisus 
est, quorum vita brevior esse debet, cum uno loco 
tot oppidum cadavera proiecta iacent ? Visne tu 55 
te, Servi, cohibere et meminisse hominem te esse 
natum ? ' Crede mihi, cogitatione ea non medio- 
criter sum confirmatus. Hoc idem, si tibi videtiu*, 
fac ante oculos tibi proponas. Modo uno tempore 
tot viri clarissimi interierunt, de imperio populi 60 
Romani tanta deminutio facta est, omnes pro- 
vinciae conquassatae sunt ; in unius mulierculae 
animula si iactura facta est, tantopere commo- 
veris ? Quae si hoc tempore non diem suum 
obisset, paucis post annis tamen ei moriendum 65 
fuit, quoniam homo nata fuerat. 

Etiam tu ab his rebus animum ac cogita- 
tionem tuam avoca, atque ea potius reminiscere, 
quae digna tua persona sunt, illam, quamdiu ei 
opus fuerit, vixisse, una cum re publica fuisse, te, 70 
patrem suum, praetorem, consulem, augurem vi- 



58 A letter of consolation 

disse, adulescentibus primariis nuptam fuisse, 
omnibus bonis prope perfunctam esse, cum res 
publica occideret, vita excessisse. Quid est quod 

75 tu aut ilia cum fortuna hoc nomine queri possitis ? 
Denique noli te oblivisci Ciceronem esse et eum, 
qui aliis consueveris praecipere et dare consilium, 
neque imitare malos medicos, qui in alienis morbis 
profitentur tenere se medicinae scientiam, ipsi se 

80 curare non possunt, sed potius, quae aliis tute 
praecipere soles, ea tute tibi subice atque apud 
animum propone. 

Nullus dolor est, quem non longinquitas tem- 
poris minuat ac moUiat. Hoc te exspectare tem- 

85 pus tibi turpe est ac non ei rei sapientia tua te 
occurrere. Quod si qui etiam inferis sensus est, 
qui illius in te amor fuit pietasque in omnes suos, 
hoc certe ilia te facere non vult. Da hoc illi 
mortuae, da ceteris amicis ac familiaribus, qui tuo 

90 dolore maerent, da patriae, ut, si qua in re opus 
sit, opera et consilio tuo uti possit. 



LETTER 26 {ad fam, iv 6). 

This letter was written in April^ 45 b.c.^, by Cicero in 
reply to the preceding letter from Servias. 

Cicero expresses gratitude for the letter of consolation 
and for the sympathy shown to him by the son of Servius. 
He points out that his loss is the more grievous, because 
he cannot forget his private sorrow in the activity of public 
life, which has ceased to exist under tlie despotism of 
Caesar. He ends with a wish to see Servius back in Italy. 



and the reply 59 

Ego vero, Servi, vellem, ut scribis, in meo 
gravissimo casu adfuisses; quantum enim praesens 
me adiuvare potueris et consolando et prope aeque 
dolendo, facile ex eo intellego, quod litteris lectis 
aliquantum acquievi. Nam et ea scripsisti, quae 5 
levare luctum possent, et in me consolando non 
mediocrem ipse animi dolorem adhibuisti. Servius 
tamen tuus omnibus officiis, quae illi tempori 
tribui potuerunt, declaravit et quanti ipse me 
faceret et quam suum talem erga me animum tibi lo 
gratum putaret fore. Cuius officia iucundiora 
scilicet saepe mihi fuerunt, nunquam tamen gra- 
tiora. Me autem non oratio tua solum et societas 
paene aegritudinis sed etiam auctoritas consolatur; 
turpe enim esse existimo me non ita ferre casum 15 
meum, ut tu tali sapientia praeditus ferendum 
putas. Sed opprimor interdum et vix resisto 
dolori, quod ea me solacia deficiunt, quae ceteris, 
quorum mihi exempla propono, simili in fortuna 
non defuerunt. Nam et Q. Maximus, qui filium 20 
consularem, clarum virum et magnis rebus gestis, 
amisit, et L. Paullus, qui duo septem diebus, et 
V ester Gains, et M. Cato, qui summo ingenio, 
summa virtute filium perdidit, iis tempori bus 
fuerunt, ut eorum luctum ipsorum dignitas conso- 25 
laretur ea, quam ex re publica consequebantin*. 

Mihi autem amissis ornamentis iis, quae ipse 
commemoras, quaeque eram maximis laboribus 
adeptus, unum manebat illud solacium, quod 
ereptum est. Non amicorum negotiis, non rei 30 



60 Reply to a letter of consolation 

publicae procuratione impediebantur cogitationes 
meae, nihil in foro agere libebat, aspicere curiam 
non poteram, existimabam, id quod erat, omnes 
me et industriae meae fructus et fortunae perdi- 

35 disse. Sed, cum cogitarem haec mihi tecum et 
cum quibusdam esse communia, et cum frangerem 
iam ipse me cogeremque ilia ferre toleranter, 
habebam quo confugerem, ubi conquiescerem, 
cuius in sermone et suavitate omnes curas dolor- 

40 esque deponerem. Nunc autem hoc tam gravi 
vulnere etiam ilia, quae consanuisse videbantur, 
recrudescunt ; non enim, ut tum me a re publica 
maestum domus excipiebat, quae levaret, sic nunc 
domo maerens ad rem publicam confugere possum, 

45 ut in eius bonis acquiescam. Itaque et domo 
absum et foro, quod nee eum dolorem, quem de re 
publica capio, domus iam consolari potest nee 
domesticum res publica. 

Quo magis te exspecto teque videre quam- 

50 primum cupio ; mains mihi solacium afferre ratio 
nulla potest quam coniunctio consuetudinis ser- 
monumque nostrorum; quamquam sperabam tuum 
adventum (sic enim audiebam) appropinquare. 
Ego autem cum multis de causis te exopto quam- 

55 primum videre, tum etiam ut ante commentemur 
inter nos, qua ratione nobis traducendum sit hoc 
tempus, quod est totum ad unius voluntatem ac- 
commodandum et prudentis et liberalis et, ut 
perspexisse videor, nee a me alieni et tibi ami- 

60 cissimi. Quod cum ita sit, magnae tamen est 



A. friend of Caesar's defends himself 61 

deliberationis, quae ratio sit ineunda nobis non 
agendi aliquid sed illius concessu et beneficio 
quiescendi. Vale. 

LETTER 27 {ad fam. xi 28). 

This letter was written at the end of May, 44 b. c. _, by 
Matius (see p. 21) at Rome to Cicero. 

Caesar had been murdered two months earlier. Matius^ 
an intimate friend of Caesar' s_, had promised to preside at 
games which Octa\dan was to give in Caesar's memory. 
He writes to Cicero to justify himself for this promise. 

Matius expresses pleasure in Cicero's good opinion ; he 
defends his resentment against Caesar's murderers^, and 
says he never used his friendship with Caesar for selfish 
objects. He denies the want of patriotic feeling imputed 
to him^ and resents the attempt to interfere with his 
private friendships^ an attempt which Caesar had never 
made. 

Magnam voluptatem ex tuis litteris cepi, quod 
quam speraram atque optaram habere te de me 
opinionem cognovi ; de qua etsi non dubitabam, 
tamen, quia maximi aestimabam, ut incorrupta 
maneret laborabam. Conscius autem mihi eram 5 
nihil a me commissum esse quod boni cuiusquam 
oftenderet animum. Eo minus credebam plurimis 
atque optimis artibus ornato tibi temere quicquam 
persuader! potuisse, praesertim in quem mea pro- 
pensa et perpetua fuisset atque esset benevolentia. lo 
Quod quoniam ut volui scio esse, respondebo crimi- 
nibus, quibus tu pro me, ut par erat tua singular! 
bonitate et amicitia nostra, saepe restitisti. 



62 A friend of Caesar s defends himself 

Nota enim mihi sunt quae in me post Caesaris 

15 mortem contulerint. Vitio mihi dant quod mor- 
tem hominis necessarii graviter fero atque eum 
quem dilexi perisse indignor; aiunt enim patriam 
amicitiae praeponendam esse, proinde ac si iam 
vicerint obitum eius rei publicae fuisse utilem. 

20 Sed non agam astute ; fateor me ad istum gradum 
sapientiae non pervenisse ; neque enim Caesarem in 
dissensione civili sum secutus sed amicum; quam- 
quam re ofFendebar, tamen non deserui, neque 
bellum unquam civile aut etiam causam dissen- 

25 sionis probavi, quam etiam nascentem exstingui 
summe studui. Itaque in victoria hominis necessarii 
neque honoris neque pecuniae dulcedine sum cap- 
tus, quibus praemiis rehqui, minus apud eum 
quam ego cum possent, immoderate sunt abusi. 

30 Atque etiam res familiaris mea lege Caesaris de- 
minuta est, cuius beneficio plerique, qui Caesaris 
morte laetantur, remanserunt in civitate. Civibus 
victis ut parceretur aeque ac pro mea salute 
laboravi. 

35 Possum igitur, qui omnes voluerim incolumes, 
eum, a quo id impetratum est, perisse non indig- 
nari? cum praesertim idem homines illi et invidiae 
et exitio fuerint. ' Plecteris ergo,** inquiunt ' quo- 
niam factum nostrum improbare audes." O super- 

40 biam inauditam, alios in facinore gloriari, aliis ne 
dolere quidem impunite licere ! At haec etiam 
servis semper libera fuerunt, ut timerent, gaude- 
rent, dolerent suo potius quam alterius arbitrio ; 



A friend of Caesar's defends himself 63 

quae nunc, ut quidem isti dictitant, ' libertatis 
auctores' metu nobis extorquere conantur. 45 

Sed nihil agunt ; nullius unquam periculi ter- 
roribus ab officio aut ab humanitate desciscam; 
nunquam enim honestam mortem fugiendam, 
saepe etiam oppetendam putavi. Sed quid mihi 
suscensent, si id opto ut paeniteat eos sui facti ? 50 
Cupio enim Caesaris mortem omnibus esse acerbam. 

At debeo pro civili parte rem publicam velle 
salvam. Id quidem me cupere, nisi et ante acta 
vita et reliqua mea spes tacente me probat, dicendo 
vincere non postulo. Quare maiorem in modum te 55 
rogo ut rem potiorem oratione ducas, mihique, si 
sentis expedire recte fieri, credas nuUam commu- 
nionem cum improbis esse posse. An quod adu- 
lescens praestiti, cum etiam errare cum excusatione 
possem, id nunc aetate praecipitata commutem ac 60 
me ipse retexam ? Non faciam, neque quod displi- 
ceat committam, praeterquam quod hominis mihi 
coniunctissimi ac viri amplissimi doleo gravem 
casum. Quod si aliter essem animatus, nunquam 
quod facerem negarem, ne et in peccando improbus 65 
et in dissimulando timidus ac vanus existimarer. 

At ludos, quos Caesaris victoriae Caesar adu- 
lescens fecit, cm^avi. At id ad privatum officium, 
non ad statum rei publicae pertinet ; quod tamen 
munus et hominis amicissimi memoriae atque 70 
honoribus praestare etiam mortui debui, et opti- 
mae spei adulescenti ac dignissimo Caesare petenti 
negare non potui. 



64 A friend of Caesars defends himself 

Veni etiam consulis Antonii domum saepe salu- 
75 tandi causa. Ad quern, qui me parum patriae 

amantem esse existimant, rogandi quidem aliquid 

aut auferendi causa frequentes ventitare reperies. 

Sed quae haec est arrogantia, quod Caesar nun- 

quam interpellavit quin quibus vellem atque etiam 
80 quos ipse non diligebat tamen iis uterer, eos qui 

mihi amicum eripuerunt carpendo me efficere co- 

nari ne quos velim diligam ? 

Sed non vereor ne aut meae vitae modestia 

parum valitura sit in posterum contra falsos ru- 
85 mores, aut ne etiam ii, qui me non amant propter 

meam in Caesarem constantiam, non malint mei 

quam sui similes amicos habere. 



LETTER 28 {ad fam. xi 5). 

This letter was written in December, 44b.c., by Cicero 
at Rome to Decimus Brutus (see p. 21) in Cisalpine Gaul. 

Brutus, who had been appointed by Caesar to govern 
this province, had gone there after Caesar's death and was 
now in the town of Mutina, trying to keep out Antony, 
who claimed the province for himself. 

Cicero explains that he has now come to Rome and 
heard about Brutus from Pansa, the consul-designate. 
He urges Brutus to play the man against Antony and to 
be faithful to the cause of the Senate. Cicero promises 
to support him to the utmost of his power. 

Lupus familiaris noster cum a te venisset cum- 
que Romae quosdam dies commoraretur, ego eram 
in iis locis in quibus maxime tuto me esse arbitra- 



The struggle ivith Antony 65 

bar. Eo factum est ut ad te Lupus sine meis 
litteris rediret, cum tamen curasset tuas ad me 5 
perferendas. Romam autem veni a. d. v Idus Dec, 
nee habui quidquam antiquius quam ut Pansam 
statim convenirem ; ex quo ea de te cognovi quae 
maxime optabam. 

Quare hortatione tu quidem non eges, si ne lo 
in ilia quidem re, quae a te gesta est post homi- 
num memoriam maxima, hortatorem desiderasti. 
lUud tamen breviter significandum videtur, popu- 
lum Romanum omnia a te exspectare atque in 
te aliquando reciperandae libertatis omnem spem 15 
ponere. Tu si dies noctesque memineris, quod 
te facere certo scio, quantam rem gesseris, non 
obliviscere profecto quantae tibi etiam nunc 
gerendae sint. Si enim iste provinciam nactus 
erit, cui quidem ego semper amicus fui, ante quam 20 
ilium intellexi non modo aperte sed etiam libenter 
cum re publica bellum gerere, spem reliquam 
nullam video salutis. 

Quamobrem te obsecro iisdem precibus quibus 
senatus populusque Romanus, ut in perpetuum rem 25 
publicam dominatu regio liberes, ut principiis con- 
sentiant exitus. Tuum est hoc munus, tuae partes, 
a te hoc civitas vel omnes potius gentes non ex- 
spectant solum sed etiam postulant. Quamquam, 
cum hortatione non egeas, ut supra scripsi, non 30 
utar ea pluribus verbis, faciam illud, quod meum 
est, ut tibi omnia mea officia, studia, curas, cogi- 
tationes pollicear, quae ad tuam laudem et gloriam 
D. 5 



66 The stritggle with Antony 

pertinebunt. Quamobrem velim tibi ita persuadeas, 
35 me cum rei publicae causa, quae mihi vita mea est 
carior, tum quod tibi ipsi faveam tuamque digni- 
tatem amplificari velim, me tuis optimis consiliis, 
amplitudini, gloriae nuUo loco defuturum. 

LETTER 29 {ad fam. x 28). 

This letter was written on February 2, 43 b.c, by Cicero 
at Rome to Trebonius (see p. 22) in Asia. Trebonius was 
dead before this letter could have reached him. 

Since the beginning of the year Cicero had been 
straining every nerve against Antony, making speeches 
in the Senate and to the people^ and writing letters to all 
leaders at the head of armies^ trying to keep them faithful 
to the cause of the Senate. Antony was before Mutina in 
Cisalpine Gaul ; and Octavian with Hirtius^ one of the 
consuls^ was gone in pursuit of him. The first battle was 
fought on April 15. 

Cicero gently reproaches Trebonius for not putting an 
end to Antony together with Caesar. He describes a 
meeting of the Senate^ at which he spoke^ on December 20^ 
44 B. c. ; he gives a brief account of the state of affairs. 

Quam vellem ad illas pulcherrimas epulas me 
Idibus Martiis invitasses! reliquiarum nihil habe- 
remus. At nunc cum iis tantum negotii est, ut 
vestrum illud divinum in rem publicam beneficium 
5 nonnullam habeat querellam. Quod vero a te, viro 
optimo, seductus est tuoque beneficio adhuc vivit 
haec pestis, interdum, quod mihi vix fas est, tibi 
subirascor; mihi enim negotii plus reliquisti uni 
quam praeter me omnibus. Ut enim primum 
10 post Antonii foedissimum discessum senatus haberi 



Cicero speaks against Antony 67 

libere potuit, ad ilium animum meum reverti 
pristinum, quern tu cum civi acerrimo, patre tuo, 
in ore et amore semper habuisti. 

Nam cum senatum a. d. xiii K. Ian. tribuni 
plebis vocavissent deque alia re referrent, totam 15 
rem publicam sum complexus^egique acerrime, sena- 
tumque iam languentem et defessum ad pristinam 
virtutem consuetudinemque revocavi magis animi 
quam ingenii viribus. Hie dies meaque contentio 
atque actio spem primum populo Romano attulit 20 
libertatis reciperandae ; nee vero ipse postea tempus 
uUum intermisi de re publica non cogitandi solum 
sed etiam agendi. 

Quod nisi res urbanas actaque omnia ad te 
perferri arbitrarer, ipse perscriberem, quamquam 25 
eram maximis occupationibus impeditus. Sed ilia 
cognosces ex aliis; a me pauca, et ea summatim. 
Habemus fortem senatum, consulares parti m timi- 
dos, partim male sentientes ; magnum damnum 
factum est in Servio; L. Caesar optime sentit sed, 30 
quod avunculus est, non acerrimas dicit sententias; 
consules egregii, praeclarus D. Brutus, egregius 
puer Caesar, de quo spero equidem reliqua; hoc 
vero certum habeto, nisi ille veteranos celeriter 
conscripsisset legionesque duae de exercitu Antoni 35 
ad eius se auctoritatem contulissent atque is oppo- 
situs esset terror Antonio, nihil Antonium sceleris, 
nihil crudelitatis praeteriturum fuisse. Haec tibi, 
etsi audita esse arbitrabar, volui tamen notiora 
esse. Plura scribam, si plus otii habuero. 40 

5—2 



NOTES 

LETTEK 1 

1. maxime exoptas : Quintus in Asia preferred political 
news to any other kind. 

rem publicam, ' the constitution.' Caesar, as consul, was 
passing many laws by vote of the people in defiance of the 
senate. 

2. Cato : this ' foolish young man ' was not the famous 
Marcus Cato, who died by his own hand in the civil war, but 
Gains Cato, tribune in 56 b.c, who was attacking the triumvirs 
in the interest of the Senate. Cicero means that anyone, who 
bore the name of Cato, should have been safe from popular 
violence. 

4. Gabinium : Gabinius was a tool of the triumvirs : he had 
been elected consul for 58 B.C., and was to be prosecuted for 
bribery at his election. 

5. postulare : the prosecutor had to get leave from one 
of the praetors before bringing his action : in this case the 
praetors, being influenced by the triumvirs, refused Cato an 
interview. 

6. in contionem escendit, 'rose up to address the people ' : 
contio means (1) a meeting of the people, (2) a speech addressed 
to such a meeting. 

7. privatum : Pompey, although he had not been appointed 
dictator, was acting as though he had been. A properly 
appointed dictator was not bound by any law. 

8. propius...occideretur, lit, 'nothing more nearly 
happened than that he should be murdered,' i.e. *he had a 
very close shave of being murdered.' 

9. rei publicae, 'of the country': this word has many 



Notes 69 

meanings ; and the particular meaning in each case must be 
determined by the context. 

10. nostrae... causae, 'to defend me' against the attacks 
of Ciodius ; see p. 6. nostrae has the sense of meae : it is 
important to note that Cicero coDstantly uses nos and noster 
of himself only, not of himself and others : see p. 103. 

homines, 'people,' generally. 

12. se, ' their services.' 

cum does not govern spe : it means ' both ' and is answered 
by turn J 'and,' below. 

spe is an abl. of description. 

Note the change of construction, by which, while spe 
governs ace. and inf., animo is followed by ut and subj. 

14. in hac re publica, ' even in the present state of politics.' 

ne casum quidem, 'not even an unpleasant incident,' far 
less, destruction. 

16. dixerit : the subject to be supplied is Ciodius. 

17. gloria is abl. of accompaniment. 

discedamus, ' I shall come off ' : for the plur. of the 1st 
person in a singular sense, see n. to 1. 10. 

vi agere : Ciodius might excite the mob against Cicero 
rather than prosecute him. 

19. alienorum : even Cicero's political opponents might be 
reckoned upon to repel the violence of Ciodius by violence. 

21. nostra... bonorum, 'my former band of loyalists,' i.e. 
the senators and knights who supported Cicero in 63 b.c. when 
he suppressed the conspiracy of Catiline : see p. 4. 

honi is a regular name at this time for supporters of the 
Senate and the constitution. 

22. nostri : gen. of the object. 

24. regnm, the triumvirs, Pompey, Caesar, and Crassus : 
the word rex was detestable to a Roman ear. 

25. quibus...deminuam, 'whom I trust in such a way that 
I do not relax any of my preparations,' i.e. ' but I don't trust 
them enough to relax ' 

Both Pompey and Caesar were friends of Cicero in private 
life and promised to protect him ; but he was wisely dis- 
trustful. 



70 Notes 

27. designati: the magistrates, of whom he speaks, had 
already been elected but had not yet entered upon office. 

28. se...ostendunt, 'make excellent professions': the con- 
suls in the following year were A. Gabinius and L. Calpurnius 
Piso. 

praetores, ' as praetors ' : of the four here mentioned, 
Memmius suddenly changed over to Caesar's side, but the other 
three took an active part against Caesar in the civil war. 

29. acerrimos cives, * energetic patriots.' 

31. fac governs habeas, ut being understood : * see that 
you keep ' 

32. singulis rebus, ' details.' 



LETTEE 2 

2. perfertur ad me: the impers. verb here governs ace. 
and inf. 

3. corporis : Terentia was going about, interviewing 
influential persons at Kome, with a view to her husband's 
restoration. 

4. me miserum, ^how unhappy I am, that you...': the 
ace. of exclamation introduces the following infinitives inci- 
disse and percipere. 

ista virtute, 'a woman of such excellence': abl. of de- 
scription. 

6. Tulliolam : Cicero's daughter Tullia was now twenty 
years old and was already married : the diminutive form 
expresses affection. 

ex quo patre...ex eo...: in Latin the antecedent constantly 
follows the relative clause ; but the order must be reversed in 
English. 

8. quid...dicam, 'why should I speak of my son Cicero?': 
i.e. his condition is even worse than his sister's. Cicero's son 
was now seven years old. 

11. fato facta, 'were brought about by destiny.' Cicero 
says that his exile was due to his own fault, not to mere bad 
luck. The nobles, to whom he looked for support, were jealous 



Notes 71 

of his glory ; and he had turned his back on the triumvirs 
when they courted his favour. 

15. nostris, 'my own.' Cicero says that his friends, who 
advised him to retire into exile, gave him bad advice, either 
from stupidity or treachery. 

19. desit, * fail to support. ' 

res, * a task.' 

22. Lentulum : Lentulus was one of the consuls : for his 
friendly action, see p. 15. Pompey and Caesar, though 
they had permitted Cicero's exile, were now willing that he 
should return, if he did not thwart them. 

25. familia : Cicero was intending to set free his slaves, for 
fear they should be confiscated with the rest of his property. 
His friends had sent some advice on the point. 

26. loco : there had been some epidemic at Thessalonica, 
and Terentia had expressed a fear that Cicero would catch it. 

31. decedat : Plancius was soon to return to Italy, his year 
of office having expired : he hoped to bring Cicero back with 
him. 

32. videro, 'I see': the fut. perf. must here be rendered 
by the present in English. 

vestrum and vos refer to the children as well as to Terentia. 
The 2nd pers. plur. is not used of one person only. 

36. Fisonis : Piso was Tullia's husband ; he died before 
Cicero returned from exile. 

37. possit : supply esse. 
res, 'conduct.' 

38. ei voluptati sit, ' may prove a pleasure to him ' : 
voluptati and gloriae are predicative datives. 

39. 40. Terentia seems to have taken some words of Cicero 
as a reproof for quarrelling with her brother-in-law, Quintus. 
Cicero now says that he did not mean to find fault with her ; 
only he thought misfortune should have drawn them closer 
together. 

Note the different meaning of te and vos, 
41. All supporters had to be thanked for their exertions. 
43. quod...scril)is, 'when you write '; lit. 'as to the fact of 
your writing.' 



72 Notes 

Terentia proposed raising money by the sale of some 
houses (vicus lit, 'a street') ; Cicero fears that his children will 
lose all their patrimony. 

45. premet, * shall continue to oppress us.' 

46. puero : abl. 

48. erunt in officio, ' remain loyal.' 
53. cetera means wealth and distinction. 
55. fac valeas: see n. to fac habeas, 1 1. 31. 
tabellarios : as there was no government postal system, the 
writer had to send his letter by his own messenger. 

57. !>.= datum, 'sent off,' 'despatched': hence our word 

* date.' 

For the date, see p. 102. 

59. veni, 'I have come,' since writing the above letter. 
Dyrrhachium was the port generally used by Eomans 
crossing between Italy and Greece : as such it was celehre, 

* full of people,' which Cicero thought a disadvantage ; but, as it 
was an independent state, an exile from Italy might feel safer 
there from the authorities at Bome. 

61. alio : an adverb. 

LETTEE 3 

1 — 4. Cicero undertakes to forecast future events, as 
Lentulus gets information from others of the past and present. 

3. posita sunt in, ' depend upon.' 

4. fore, * hkely to happen.' 

5. a. d. VIII Idus Feb. : see p. 102. 

6. Milone: Milo, as tribune in 57b.c., had done much to 
promote Cicero's recall. He was now supporting Pompey 
against Clodius, and there were daily contests in the streets of 
Eome between his armed gangs and those of Clodius. Milo, 
being no longer a magistrate, was impeached by Clodius for 
rioting : Pompey and Cicero defended him. 

7. Catone : Gains Cato : see n. to 1 1. 2. 

8. silentio : abl. of accompaniment. 

10. Alexandrina causa, 'the Alexandrian affair,' i.e. the 
task of restoring Ptolemy, the exiled King of Egypt, to his 
capital of Alexandria: see p. 15. 



Notes 73 

nobis. ..est, *is not settled against us so far.' 
12. relig^lonem : the Senate were unwilling that Pompey 
should have this important charge ; and Cato, acting in their 
interests, produced an oracle from the Sibylline books, for- 
bidding the king to be restored 'with a large company of men.' 
Cicero says that, if Lentulus is thus prevented from 
restoring Ptolemy with an army, he is not in a worse position 
than the other candidates for the business. 
15. quod is the relative pronoun. 
ut...reducatur, 'namely, restoration by Pompey.' 
17. proficiscatur : Ptolemy was now at Ephesus. 

19. paulum modo...placere, 'gives even a slight indica- 
tion of approval.' 

20. hominis tarditatem, 'how slow the man is' : in politics 
as in war, Pompey's movements were always very deliberate. 

22. ceteris iniuriis : Cato was trying to have Lentulus dis- 
missed from his office of governor of Cilicia. 
26. partim. . .partim = alii.. .alii. 
28. levissimi hominis, * a contemptible fellow,' i.e. Cato. 



LETTEK 4 

1. Pollione : Gains Asinius Pollio, famous later as a 
general and a writer ; he was a patron of Horace and Virgil. 
He was only twenty at this time and had begun his public 
career by prosecuting Cato, Lentulus' enemy. 

2. non...praefiiit, 'has taken not only a part but the 
chief part.' 

6. ipsa die, ' by mere lapse of time ' : dies, generally masc, 
is often feminine, when it means either length of time or an 
appointed day. 

9. facile qualifies secundo : by way of consolation, the 
recollection of Cicero's own exile comes ' easily second ' to the 
hope already mentioned. 

11. etsi...aflaicta est, 'although your position is attacked 
in a matter of less importance than that in which mine was 
dashed to the ground ' : Cicero was driven into exile ; for 



74 Notes 

Lentulus the danger is merely that he may lose his post as 
governor and a chance of enriching himself. 

13. a teneris un^iculis probably means ' from earliest 
youth,' the nails being soft at that age. 



LETTER 5 

1. A. d. VIII Idus Apriles : see p. 102. 

Crassipes was Tullia's second husband : they were betrothed 
on April 4th, and Cicero now gives a party to celebrate the 
occasion. 

2. Quintus is Cicero's nephew, his brother's son : he 
caused much anxiety and distress to Cicero later. 

3. commotus, * indisposed ' : Cicero says elsewhere that 
this boy ate too much, 

6. discordiis mulierum nostrarum : the quarrels between 
Terentia and Pomponia, the boy's aunt and mother ; as the 
boy was only ten years old, Cicero can only be half- serious : 
even so young a boy feels their disputes, he means. 

7. C[uid quaeris ? ' in short ' : a common phrase in the 
letters. 

nihil festivius, ' nothing could have been more amusing ' : 
to us it seems strange that Cicero should be amused, not 
pained, by the boy's talk. 

8. Pomponia was wife of the elder Quintus and sister of 
Atticus : she quarrelled with her husband as well as with her 
sister-in-law : see Letter 12. 

9. agemus, * we shall discuss.' 

10. aream tuam, ' the site of your house ' : both brothers 
were building houses at Rome : Cicero's house on the Palatine 
had been destroyed by the mob, incited by Clodius, at the time 
of his exile. 

11. structoribus : as these are considered to be instru- 
ments, a is not prefixed to the abl. 

12. cohortatus sum : the contractor was not getting on as 
quickly as Cicero wished. 

ftdem...faciebat, *he assured me.' 

14. iam shows that the house was partly built. 



Notes 75 

quantum iudicabamus = ' when we judged merely.' 

16. cenavi : Crassipes was returning Cicero's hospitality. 
cenatus : the participle, though passive in form, is not so 

in meaning: so pransus, 'having lunched.' 

17. in hortos ad Pompeium, ' to Pompey's town-house ' : 
horti is a town-house in a park. 

luci is a locative case, like rui^if ' in the country.' 

20. in Sardinian! : Pompey had been put in charge of the 
corn-supply, which was deficient, and was to visit the sources 
of the supply in Sardinia and Africa. He did not tell Cicero 
that he was going first of all to Luca in north Italy, where 
Caesar and Crassus were already. The three held a conference 
there, and renewed the coalition of 60 b.c. (see p. 5). 

hominem means no more than eum. 

21. te nobis redderet : Quintus Cicero was in Sardinia : 
Pompey, if he chose, could give him leave of absence. 

23. a. d. Ill Id. Apr. : see p. 102. 

Labrone aut Pisis : Lahro is perhaps the port now known 
as Livorno or Leghorn ; Pisae is the modern Pisa. 

28. conscrlpsi. . .eram. . .cogitabam : the past tenses should 
be rendered by the present in English. A Eoman letter- writer 
often describes a present action as it will present itself to the 
reader : see p. 102. 

29. Anagninum is a house at Anaguia, a town in Latium, 
40 miles from Kome. From there Cicero's route was to 
Laterium, a house at Arpinum belonging to Quintus, and then 
to houses at Arpinum, Pompeii, and Cumae, belonging to Cicero 
himself : he was to return to Rome on May 6th. Cicero had 
at least eight country-houses and several houses in Eome. 

in Laterio : supply esse. 

30. Arpinati : Arpinas (neut.) is a house at Arpinum. 

32. Nonas Maias : see p. 102. Milo's trial (see n. to 3 1. 6) 
was still going on. 

33. dies : for the gender, see n. to 4 1. 6. 

36. Arcani: Arcanum, 'The Retreat,' was a country-house 
at Minturnae belonging to Quintus. 
placebat : see n. to conscripsi above. 



1^ Notes 



LETTER 6 

I. te me esse alterum, • that you are my second self.' 

3. meos, ' my friends.' 

4. quocimque exirem, 'if I went anywhere abroad,' i.e. if I 
accepted any appointment out of Italy. Pompey was governor 
of Spain as well as commissioner for the corn-supply : Cic. 
had accepted an appointment on Pompey 's staff and might 
expect to be sent to Spain. 

5. studiis, beneficiis : the omission of et between a pair of 
similar nouns is common in Latin. 

7. commoratio : Pompey never went to his province of 
Spain, but governed it by deputies. 

It is not certain what Cic. means by his own ' hesitation.' 

II. coepi velle, ' I have formed a wish.' 
ea, * that advancement.' 

15. casus... intervenit, 'meanwhile there was a strange 
coincidence. ' 

16. testis, 'to bear witness to ' : the noun is best translated 
by a verb. 

17. Balbo nostro, ' our friend Balbus ' ; he was Caesar's 
confidential agent and banker at Eome. 

18. accuratius, ' with some particularity.' 

meae : a possessive adj., when attached to the locative 
domi, is regularly in the gen. case. 

19. in extremis, 'as a postscript.' 

Caesar wrote jestingly that he would make any friend of 
Cicero's a king in Gaul : he had pulled down most of the native 
kings by this time. 

21. Leptae : Lepta was an officer of Caesar's and himself 
able to serve anyone he chose. 

31. accedit etiam, quod, ' besides' : lit. 'there is added also 
the fact that....' 

familiam ducit, 'he is the head of his profession.' His 
profession was that of a iuris consultus, whose business was 
not to speak in court but to explain the law to litigants. 

32. memoria and scientia are abl. of description. 

33. tribunatum, praefecturam : in a legion there were six 



Notes n 

officers called tribuni ; the praefecti were cavalry officers. 
A later letter shows that Trebatius was offered the pay of 
a tribunus without the duties, for which he was probably 
unfit ; but he declined it, to Cicero's annoyance. 

34. uUius beneficii certum nomen, * any specific favour.' 

37. gloriolae insignibus, 'little marks of distinction,' such 
as an officer's rank and pay. 

38. ut aiunt, ' according to the proverb ' : the expression 
* from my hand to your hand ' means * from my protection to 
yours.' 

39. Cicero pays a pretty compHment to Caesar : * you excel 
other men not only as a conqueror but also as a friend and 
benefactor.' 

40. ama, ' continue to love me, ' 



LETTEE 7 

1. commendare : in his letters to Caesar. 

3. Balbo : apparently Balbus was now with Caesar. 

5. Quinto : Q. Cicero was now commanding a division of 
Caesar's army and went with him to Britain : he won great 
distinction in the following year by a gallant defence of his 
camp in Gaul. 

7. auri...argenti : gen. of the part, governed by nihiL 

essedum : the Britons used these in war. 

10. The 'object which we wish to gain' is the advancement 
of Trebatius. 

15. commendationem : Cicero means that he has never 
recommended anyone so strongly as Trebatius. 

16. unum, ' one thing only.' 



LETTER 8 

2. scripseram, ' have I written ' : for the tense, see p. 102. 

3. Both Quintus and Trebatius were in Gaul but in 
different parts of it. 

4. cui darem= * by whom to send a letter.' 

5. After vellm, hiematurus sis must be supplied. 



78 Notes 

6. luctum: in September, 54 b.c, Julia died: she was 
Caesar's only child and Pompey's wife. 

8. serius...pleiiior, 'better come back to us later, provided 
you return richer ' : supply redi with serius and redeas with 
dum plenior, 

10. consilium, ' ability to decide. ' 

LETTEE 9 

2. certissimum, 'most indisputable': the kind of letter 
which gives important news to absent friends has the best 
claim of all to the name : it is the primitive form of letter. 

4. nostra is governed by interesset : viterest indicates the 
person to whom a matter is of importance by the abl. sing. fem. 
of the possessive pronouns, vied, tua, sua etc., and by the gen. 
of other words, as ipsorum here. 

5. profecto : an adverb. 

7. scriptores are those Avho write news, nuntios those who 
bring it. 

8. n6vi : gen. of the part. 

11. iocerne : ne enclitic, added to the verb, marks the 
question. 

12. civem, ' a patriotic citizen. ' 

13. temporibus his : in this year the prospect was very dark 
both at home and abroad : Crassus with his army had been 
destroyed by the Parthians ; Caesar was hard pressed by 
Vercingetorix in Gaul ; at Rome the factions fought so fiercely 
in the streets that it proved impossible to elect any consuls for 
the following year. 

15. re publica, ' politics.' 

16. in hoc genere, 'with regard to them,' i.e. politics. 
Cicero means that he is unwilUng to pretend approval of the 
political actions of Pompey and Caesar, and that it is unsafe 
to express disapproval even in a letter. 

22. Cicero says that Curio has a dangerous rival to contend 
against, namely, the high hopes he has already excited, which 
it will be difiicult to satisfy. 

23. una re, ' in one way only.' 

24. quarum laudum...laborandum: a simpler order of the 



Notes 79 

words would be, labor andum esse in eis artibus (qualities), 
quibus eae laudes, quarum gloriam adamaris, comparaiitur. 

28. quidquid attigi, ' in so far as I have touched upon it.' 

29. tui is gen. of tu, not of tuus. 

LETTEK 10 

1. haec, 'here at Eome.' 

3. in eadem...navi : if Curio was still ' in the same boat ' 
as Cicero, that is, on the side of the Senate and the constitu- 
tion, he was bribed to leave it soon after his return to Italy : 
see p. 17. 

6. sociorum : these are the natives of Asia where Curio 
was quaestor. 

The praise of Curio seems excessive ; but Cicero's geese 
were apt to be sw^ans. 

10. non quo verear: Cicero regularly uses noji quo and 
subjunctive to express a cause which he does not believe to be 
true : sed quia with indicative often follows to express the true 
cause. 

12. non habeas lam, quod cures, ' you may no longer have 
anything to take care of : for all the institutions of the State 
may be overthrown by that time. 

14. haec ipsa, ' even this.' 

15. litteris : dative. 

cognosces : the 2nd pers. of the fut. often resembles an 
imperative in meaning. 

16. de re publica, ' for the State.' 

18. sit belongs to vindicaturus below. 
20. dignitatem refers to the street- riots, libertatem to the 
domination of Caesar and Pompey. 

LETTEE 11 

1. mandatum tuum : Marius had commissioned Cicero to 
buy something for him. Cicero says that he was a strange 
agent to choose, as the object belonged partly to him, so that 
it was to his interest to raise the price. 

2. illud : it is not known what Marius wanted to buy. 



80 Notes 

3. venire must be distinguished from venire. 

5. Bursa : Munatius Bursa, who had taken a leading part 
in the riots after Clodius' death, was prosecuted by Cicero and 
condemned in spite of Pompey's efforts on his behalf. 

8. credas is governed by velim. 

9. morte inimici: Clodius was murdered by Milo's gang of 
ruffians at Bovillae, ten miles from Rome, on January 17th, 
52 B.C. 

10. malo : supply rem agi : Clodius had fallen by the 
sword, Bursa by the verdict of a jury. 

The death of Clodius had caused the exile {calamitas) of 
Milo ; the condemnation of Bursa was a triumph (glona) for 
Milo. 

iudicio and gladio are abl. of instrument, gloria and 
calamitate are abl. of accompaniment. 

12. bonorum, ' of loyalists ' : see n. to 1 1. 21. 

13. clarissimi viri : Pompey. 

18. cum, 'since': Cicero means that his exile left the 
Triumvirate free to destroy the institutions of the country. 

20. sua sponte : supply egit. 

eorum : Pompey, Caesar, and Crassus, the triumvirs. 

21. hie simiolus, ^but this little ape': the conjunction, 
necessary in English, is best omitted in Latin. 

23. se in me emissarium fore, ' that he would be ready 
to be let slip against me ' : the word is formed from emittere, 

* to let slip.' 

27. indices : in 52 b.c. Pompey was elected sole consul for 
the purpose of restoring order at Kome : one of his measures 
was to select special juries for criminal trials : he had selected 
the jury who condemned Bursa. 

28. dolori : predicative dat. : dolor here is not * grief ' but 

* resentment. ' 

30. celebritate refers to the state of the courts during 
the trials. 

31. novis legibus ; Pompey had passed severe laws against 
rioting and bribery at elections. 

32. intercaletur : the verb is here impers. : to make their 
calendar agree with the sun, the Eomans twice every four 



Notes 81 

years inserted an intercalary month of 22 or 23 days after 
February 23rd : the calendar was in the hands oii\iQpoiitifices, 
and no one else knew whether or not there would be a thir- 
teenth month in any given year. When Cicero was in Cilicia, 
he was very anxious that his time of olfice should not be 
prolonged by the insertion of the extra month. Caesar, as 
pontifex maximus, put an end to all this confusion, when he 
reformed the calendar in 46 b.c. 

In the present case, if there were no intercalary month, 
Cicero would be able to leave Bome sooner. 



LETTER 12 

1. vero here, as often, replies to something said in a letter 
by Atticus : ' indeed, I did see,...' animum = affection for me. 

2. meo : supply animo. 

3. ne quid novi : the change which Cicero feared was that 
his time of office might be prolonged. 

ut...ne is often used by Cicero for iie. 

After plus, quam must be supplied. 

5. transversum...versiculum, 'the line written across at 
the end of your letter ' : versus is used of prose as well as of 
verse 

7. sorore, ' your sister ' : Pomponia, the wife of Quintus. 

8. Arpinas : see n. to 5 1. 30. 

9. isque multus, * and a long talk too. ' 

10. veni ad, ' went on to.' 

11. Tusculano, ' my house at Tusculum.' 

nihil : ' no one ' is here more natural than * nothing ' in 
English. 

14. sumptus, ' of her extravagance.' 

illo sic die : supply factum est. 

16. dies, * the day ' : apparently it was an anniversary of 
some kind which made it necessary for Quintus to spend the 
night (maneret) at his own house of Arcanum, while his brother 
went on to the town of Aquinum. 

ego Aquini : supply man si. 

18. It seems that Pomponia was already at Arcanum. 

D. 6 



82 Notes 

When the two Ciceros turned up there with a party, Quintus 
asked Pomponia to invite the ladies of the party into the house. 

19. accepero has the sense of the future. 

20. potuit : supply esse. 

21. cum... turn, ' both... and.' 

22. hie hospita, ' a stranger in this house,' so that she could 
not take the liberty of inviting guests to enter it. The cause 
of her ill-temper was her jealousy of Statius, a favourite 
servant of Quintus. 

23. ex eo : supply ortum est. 

24. videret, ' might see to. ' 

25. haec, * this treatment.' 

26. Atticus may think her rudeness a trifle, but Cicero 
does not agree. 

istuc is for istudce : not an adverb. 

27. me ipsum, ' even me,' as well as her husband. 

28. dissimulavi dolens, ' I was vexed but concealed it.' 
30. de mensa, ' food from the table. ' 

quid multa : supply die am ? 
33. stomacho : predicative dat. 
35. Aquinum : supply veni. 

37. discessura : her conduct was the worse, because her 
husband was starting for Cilicia with his brother. 

38. quid quaeris ? = ' need I say more ? ' 

40. pluribus : supply verbis. 

41. tuas quoque esse partes, ' that you also have a part 
to play ' : the genitives which follow define the nature of that 
part. 

44. Pomptinus was to go with Cicero to Cilicia but was 
slow in starting. He had some reputation as a soldier ; and 
Cicero relied upon him, in case of a Parthian invasion. 

cum profectus eris, 'when you leave Eome,' for Epirus, 
where Atticus had an estate and often resided. 

45. sic habeas, *be assured.' 

LETTER 13 
1. quod mandem, ' any commission.' 
3. ndvi must be distinguished from ndvi. 



Notes 83 

iocandi : Cicero seems to divide the possible contents of a 
letter into commissions, news, and jokes ; so Charles Lamb 
wrote : ' epistolary matter usually compriseth three topics — 
news, sentiment, and puns.' 

5. Idibus Mails : see p. 102. 

Venusia, on the Appian Way, was often used as a halting- 
place by travellers between Eome and Brundisium. 

6. has : supply litteras. 

7. in senatu : Cicero was hoping that the Senate would 
vote him a larger army for his province. 

10. Pomptinus intended to be at Brundisium by June 1st : 
in fact he only joined Cicero at Athens. 

12. Tarenti : after leaving Venusia, Cicero was to meet 
Pompey at Tarentum to discuss the political situation. 

14. quod ad tempus, ' till what date.' It would not be 
safe to send confidential news to Atticus, after he had left 
Eome for Epirus. 

16. quo dem, ' where to address.' 

17. utique...DCCC, 'at least let that debt of £200 and 
£8,000 be settled.' With illud, supply ?iow?en = ' debt.' 

HS is a symbol meaning sestertius, a silver coin worth 
about 2^d. A line drawn above numerals multiplies them by 
1000: hence XX = 20,000. 

After his exile Cicero was in difficulties and accepted a loan 
of £8,000 (800,000 sesterces) from Caesar : the £200 is probably 
the interest on the loan. The debt was still unpaid, when 
Cicero returned from Cilicia. 

20. auctore, adiutore: Atticus, having urged Cicero to pay 
his debt, was bound to help him in doing so. 

LETTEE 14 

1. mihi is emphatic. 

2. ista vestra oratoria, 'the words which you great 
speakers use ' : a playful allusion to the fact that Caelius 
was now a magistrate (aedile) at Eome. 

3. haec levia nostratia, 'the humble vernacular I use,' 
the plain Latin of a mere provincial governor. 

5. de provinciis : almost every letter which Cicero wrote 

6—2 



84 Notes 

from Cilicia expresses his anxiety lest the Senate should prolong 
his time of absence. 

9. fortuna, * the chance of disaster." 

12. belli : with the Parthians. 

13. eflfugere = likely to escape. 

14. decedemus, * I leave the province.' 

15. pantheris : Caelius wanted wild beasts for the shows 
which, as aedile, he had to give at Kome. 

17. nihil. . .insidiamm. . .fiat, ' no traps are laid ' : a playful 
compliment to himself for his good government of the province. 

18. fiat is subjunctive, because it is the reported speech of 
the panthers. 

19. To get to Caria, the panthers would have to travel 
west, through Pisidia. 

21. Patisco : he was evidently a hunter of wild beasts. 
quidCLuid erit, 'whatever turns up' in the way of panthers. 

22. nesciebamus, 'I don't know ' : for the tense, see p. 102. 

23. curae : predicative dat. 

admonebat and scripsi should also be rendered by the 
present tense. 

24. Megalensibus, ' on the Megalesia,' or festival of the 
Magna Mater. This lasted from April 4 — 10. The panthers 
were wanted for other shows later in the year. 

LETTEK 15 

1. facilius qualifies ferre. 

2. magni : the gen. of price expresses the degree of impor- 
tance : multum might be used instead. 

3. bonorem : Cicero hoped to celebrate a triumph, or 
solemn procession with his soldiers through the streets of 
Eome, because of some trifling military successes in Cilicia: 
but the civil war knocked this hope on the head. 

4. qui, * when I.' 

9. cibum cepisti : Tiro was fasting, to cure his fever. 

10. tuum consilium est, ' it is for you to judge.' 
Marionem : a slave of Cicero's. 

13. commodo, 'without hurt to': abl. of accompaniment. 



Notes 85 

15. Patris : locative case. 

18. consequere is fut. 

20. dillgenter videbis, * be careful ' : see n. to 10 1. 15. 
25. ita te desideramus, ut amemus, lit. ' I miss you in such 

a way that I love you, 'i.e. 'though I miss you, yet I love you,' 
and therefore wish you to be careful. 

27. iUud, ' the former, ' i.e, the desire to see Tiro in good 
health. 

LETTEK 16 

3. quartanam: supply fehrim: a fever, between the 
attacks of which there was an interval of two days : it was 
not considered dangerous. 

4. Curius was a Eoman banker at Patrae, in whose house 
Tiro had been left. 

5. lam, ' soon.' 

6. humanitatis, ' in keeping with your gentle character ' : 
gen. of possession. 

12. ad urbem : Cicero, though close to Rome, did not enter 
the walls : if he did, he could not, according to the law, 
celebrate a triumph. 

pridie Non. Ian. : see p. 102. 

obviam...est proditum: when a person of distinction 
returned to Rome from abroad, it was the custom for his 
friends to go out some distance to meet him : a distance of five 
miles is specified elsewhere. 

18. impedimento : predicative dat. 

et ' both ' is answered by et Curio below. 

20—22. erat, teneret, incitabat: see p. 102. 

21. qui, ' since he.' 

Caesar claimed the right to keep his province of Gaul and 
his army until he became consul on Jan. 1st, 48 e.g.: the 
Senate required him to surrender both before the consular 
elections in the summer of 49 B.C. This was the ostensible 
cause of the civil war. 

22. Curio meus : it was a shock to Cicero to find Curio on 
the wrong side : as tribune he had been working actively at 
Rome in Caesar's interests ; he left Rome for Caesar's camp 



86 Notes 

at Kavenna early in January, and was soon commanding a 
division of his army. 

23. expulsi, from Kome. Antony and Cassius were both 
tribunes at the time and obstructed the proceedings of the Senate. 

24. senatus : on Jan. 9th the Senate passed what was 
called the senatus -consultum ultimum, declaring the country in 
danger and entrusting its safety to the chief magistrates. 

29. omnino, 'it is true that.' hac, 'our.' 

30. comparatur is here impers. 

37. relaturum, ' would bring forward a motion ' about 
Cicero's triumph. 

38. pluris : gen. of price. 

Italiac.tueretur, 'Italy has been divided up into districts, 
showing what part each of us is to defend ' : each consular 
had a district assigned to him. 

43. cui des = ' a messenger. ' 

44. D.: see n. to 2 1. 57. pr. Idus Ian.: see p. 102. 



LETTER 17 

1. vos, Terentia and TuUia ; nos, Cicero and his son. 

vestrum... consilium est: see n. to 15 1. 10. 

3. ille : Caesar. 

5. vereor ut: ut, after verbs of fearing, = ne non. 

Dolabella held a command in Caesar's army : he had 
married Tullia shortly before. This third marriage turned out 
very badly for her. 

7. intercludamur, ' I may be cut off from you ' by Caesar's 
army. 

exire, ' to leave Rome.' 

8. reliquum est, * there is one other thing.' 

9. vestri is governed by similes, 
similes, i.e. of equal rank. 

12. modo ut, 'provided that' : modo alone would mean the 
same. 

haec loea tenere, 'to stay where I am,' in Campania, 
where he had several country-houses. Pompey might summon 
him, or Caesar might drive him, away from there. 



Notes 87 

16. Pomponio : Atticus. 

18. Labienus, a trusted officer of Caesar, had just left him 
and so improved the prospects of the other side. Caesar sent 
his money and baggage after him. 

19. Piso was the father of Calpurnia, Caesar's wife : he had 
left Eome with the other senators, which showed that he 
disapproved of Caesar's action. 

22. istic = 'at Eome.' 

23. s. 6.. = salutem da7it. 

24. VIII Kal. : see p. 102. 

LETTEE 18 

1. manus, ' handwriting' : Cicero had dictated the letter to 
save his eyes. 

3. erat= ' is ' : for the tense, see p. 102. 

4. Brundisinis : Pompey was in Brundisium, Caesar on 
the march there, to cut off his retreat to Greece. 

hie, Caesar : Gnaeum is Pompey's first name. 

6. metus : supply est. 

7. in quern hominem, 'the man into whose power.' It 
was known by this time throughout Italy that Caesar, after 
taking Corfinium, had spared the lives of all his prisoners and 
had let the officers keep their private property. 

14. viUulas, 'farm-houses': nummulos = bits of money . 

15. res, 'the situation.' 
ilium, Pompey. 

17. nostris, i.e. of the senatorial party, 

19. scripseram, ' I have written,' in previous letters. 

20. exspectabam, *I am waiting for': see p. 102. 

LETTEE 19 

1. vos : Oppius and Balbus. They had written to express 
their satisfaction with Caesar's clemency at Corfinium : Cicero 
also wrote to the same effect, as the next letter shows. 

3. hoc : abl. of the amount of difference. 

8. reliqui : especially Cinna and Marius, Caesar's prede- 
cessors as leaders of the democratic party. 



88 Notes 

16. Numerius Magius, one of Pompey's officers, had fallen 
into Caesar's hands and been released at once. 

17. meo institute, * my regular practice ' : he had released 
all the other officers he had taken. 

18. fabrum : contracted form of fabrorum. 

21, lis : such men as Cato and Lentulus, who had once 
feared and distrusted Pompey no less than Caesar. 

LETTEE 20 

1. haberem and dedi must both be present tense in 
English : see p. 102. 

3. A. d. VI K. : see p. 102. 

mansurum, 'will spend the night.' Caesar was now march- 
ing northwards to Eome along the Appian Way and would 
pass the town of Sinuessa. 

10. cum... turn, ' both... and.' 

12. ii : the chief prisoners released at Corfinium were 
Domitius and Lentulus, both of whom met Caesar on the field 
again. 

14. me mei similem esse, * that I should be true to my 
character ' : a fine saying and expressive of the writer's 
character. 

16. mihi ad urbem praesto sis, ' that you w^ould meet me 
at Eome': Caesar wished to assemble as many senators as 
possible, in order to be elected dictator : see p. 8. 

18. Dolabella tuo, ' than your son-in-law Dolabella ' ; see 
n. to 17 1. 5. 

Caesar says that Dolabella is a charming companion but 
deserves no gratitude for it because he can't help being so : a 
pretty compliment to Dolabella, and a pleasant piece of news 
for Cicero. 

21. is sensus, ' such is his opinion of me.' 

LETTEE 21 

1. utrumque : supply feci. This letter was evidently 
written ofl in haste after the interview with Caesar: and many 
words are left for the reader to supply. 



Notes 89 

oratio... nostra, 'what I said.' e3i = talis. 

2. ille : Caesar. Cicero's firmness was vexatious to him 
but extorted his respect. 

3. ad urbem : supply irenius. 

4. ilia fefellerunt, ' we were mistaken in one respect'; lit. 
' the following things escaped our notice.' 

With putaramus supply eum : the subject to putaramus is 
Cicero and Atticus. 

5. nihil vidi minus, ' I never saw anyone less so.' 
nostro iudicio, ' by my decision ' not to attend the Senate. 

6. dicere, *he said': historic infinitive, used with the 
meaning of dicebat. 

7. ego : supply dz.Tf. multa: su^p^lj dixissemus. 

8. age, ' speak.' 

9. arbitratu : supply a gam. 

10. sic... agam, 'I shall speak to this effect.' 

Cicero told Caesar plainly that, if he appeared in the Senate, 
he would move that Caesar should not be allowed to attack 
Pompey's armies in Spain or Greece, and would express 
sympathy with Pompey. This did not suit Caesars views 
at all. 

11. iri is impers. : lit, 'that it should be gone,' i.e. 'that 
there should be an expedition.' 

17. ille has no verb expressed : rogaret must be supplied. 

exitum, ' a way out of the difiiculty.' 

19. ego me amavi : since Pompey had been driven out of 
Italy twelve days before, Cicero had been very unhappy, feeling 
that he ought to have shared Pompey's flight ; but now his 
self-respect was restored by his refusal to comply with Caesar's 
wishes. 

LETTER 22 

1. mihi goes with legit. 

2. ubi esses: it does not appear where Yarro was: he was 
clearly not in Italy. 

5. solacio : predicative dat. 

6. tot tantisque rebus : the political situation is meant. 



90 Notes 

10. Cicero returned to Borne or its neighbourhood from 
Brundisium in October, 47 b.c. (see p. 8). 

11. redisse...in gratiam, 'have made it up': while at 
Brundisium, Cicero had been too wretched to write or even to 
read. 

13. suscenserem : the subjunctive marks the reason 
rejected by the writer. 

15. res turbulentissimas, ' the whirlpool of strife.' 
sociis : abl. absolute. 

16. Cicero says that, if he had done what his books told 
him, he would have taken no part in the civil war. 

18. permanseris : as a matter of fact, Varro had taken a 
much more active part in the war than Cicero had. 
20. utor, ' I find.' 
ea, * the troubles.' 

22. Tusculano, *your house at Tusculum.' 

23. ad te = apud te. 

Cicero would much prefer the privacy of the country to 
Eome for the meeting. 

24. profecto : adverb. 

25. id : our meeting. 

LETTEE 23 

2. tot annos, i.e, 3 J years, since the civil war began. 
ut video, ' as far as I see.' 

3. solet...temporis, 'I am wont to recall that time': the 
impersonal verb, m mentem venity governs a gen. as reminiscor 
does. 

4. proxime fuimus una, * we last met.' 
quin, *nay.' 

5. a. d. IIII Id. Mai. : see p. 102. 

Cicero was then lingering in Italy, quite unable to make up 
his mind whether he should follow Pompey to Greece or not. 

6. Pompeianum, * my house at Pompeii.' 
vesperi : locative, like luci, ' by day.' 

7. praesto fuisti, ' waited upon.' 

12. profecto : adverb. 



Notes 91 

13. Pudori...ducere : i.e. I left Italy from a sense of duty, 
in spite of the danger. 

18. ibi. . .quo veneram, i.e. Pompey's camp at Dyrrhachium 
in Epirus. 

19. ducem : Pompey. 

20. praeterea has exactly the sense of alios. 

21. rapaces : supply erant. 

22. crudeles : the partisans of the Senate talked fiercely, 
threatening death and confiscation to all who had remained 
neutral in the quarrel ; but they never had an opportunity of 
executing their threats. 

24. quid quaeris ? : see n. to 12 1. 38. 

boni : gen. of the part, governed by nihil. They were on 
the right, i.e. the constitutional, side; but nothing else was 
right about them. 

30. quadam ex pugna : at Dyrrhachium Pompey succeeded 
in breaking through Caesar's lines and defeated him : this was 
his only success. 

31. vir ille summus, 'he who had once been so great' : ille 
refers to Pompey's earlier exploits. 

32. nullus imperator, 'nothing of a general.' 

tirone, really a noun, is used here as an adj., 'with an 
army of raw recruits.' 

33. exercitu : abl. of instrument. 
36. integri, ' at full strength.' 

LETTER 24 

1 — 13. As you prophesied my return from exile, so I now 
prophesy the same for you. 

1. ii are the triumvirs of 60 b.c. who thought they could 
manage affairs better, if Cicero were out of the way, and there- 
fore suffered him to be banished : see p. 6. 

3. ad me : Cicero spent his exile partly at Thessalonica in 
Asia, partly at Dyrrhachium. 

5. confirmare, ' spoke confidently.' 

6. Tuscae disciplinae : the science of augury, which came 
originally from Etruria. 



92 Notes 

8. ne nos quidem...fallet, *I too shall not be mistaken in 
my prophecy,' that you will be restored to Italy. 

9. cum... turn, ' both... and.' 

12. nostrorum temporum, * of my experiences.' 

14. hoc : abl. of amount of difference. 

15. his, * the present.' 

17. ex eventis, ' in accordance with the event.' 

18. sunt testes = fes^aniiir and is followed by ace. and inf. 
23. plurimi : gen. of price. 

27. hunc: Caesar. 

28. ille : Pompey. 

29. in toga =* in peace,' whereas he now rules by the 
sword, toga is the dress worn in peace and hence stands 
for peace itself. 

31. in Hispaniam : Pompey was governor of Spain at the 
outbreak of civil war but never went there : that he should 
withdraw to his province was one of the conditions of peace 
offered by Caesar. 

38. manente me, 'while I stayed there,' in Italy. 

40. cum, ' since.' The reference is to the time of Cicero's 
restoration from exile, in which Pompey had helped. 

41. fama bonorum, 'by the talk of the loyalists,' who 
attacked Cicero for staying in Italy ; and he was very sensitive 
to what people said of him. 

42. in fabulis, * in the plays ' : Greek and Latin tragedies 
told of the fate of the seer, Amphiaraus, who was induced to 
join the Argive expedition against Thebes, though he knew by 
his art that it was doomed to destruction. 

43. This is a quotation from a Latin play on the subject. 
45. adversi : gen. of the part, governed by nihil. 

4l1. augur: the augurs, or diviners, formed one of the 
oflQcial priesthoods at Rome : and Cicero was elected on this 
body to fill the place of Publius Crassus, who fell fighting by 
his father's side against the Parthians in 53b.c. 

50. praedictio : that Caecina would be restored from exile. 



Notes 93 



LETTEE 25 

2. sane quam...graviter, *very grievously indeed': this 
use of quam with adverbs is fairly comraon in Cicero's own 
letters. 

pro eo ac debui, ' in accordance as I was bound to do ' : ]pro 
eo is followed by ac (atque) as proinde would be. 

3. communem, ' shared by myself.' 

4. istic : in Italy : he wrote from Athens. 

13. brevi, * briefly': the word generally means 'before 
long.' 

14. non quo...existimem : see n. to 10 1. 10. 
ea is subject, te object, oi fug ere. 

18. nobiscum egerit, *has treated us.' 

20. dignitatem : Servius is unfair : he was himself now 
holding a post of great distinction which had been conferred 
on him by Caesar. 

23. minoris: gen. of price. 

25. illius : fem. vieem, ' on account of ' : once the ace. of 
a noun, it has become a preposition. 

c6do, *tell me': 2nd pers. sing, imperative of a defective 
verb : common in early and colloquial Latin. 

26. veneris : the subjunctive is governed by necesse est ; 
and, if the sentence were regular, inciderimus would take the 
place of incidimus. 

27. non pessime cum iis esse actum, 'that those have not 
been the least fortunate.' 

31. res, 'circumstance in the present ' ; spes, * hope for the 
future.' 

34. credo marks that the sentence is ironical. Servius 
means that none of the young men in the present generation 
were fit for Cicero to trust his daughter to. 

37. florentes, ' growing to manhood.' 

38. rem, 'wealth.' 

39. honores : the curule offices of quaestor, aedile, 
praetor, and consul, which were held successively (ordinatim) 



94 Notes 

One of the main complaints against Caesar was that he 
appointed these magistrates himself and suppressed the 
election by the people. 

40. amicorum negotiis : see 26 1. 30 : Servius means that, 
under the despotic government of Caesar, it was no longer 
possible for Roman nobles to speak freely in the law-courts in 
defence of their friends. 

libertas = freedom of speech. 

41. priusquam datum est ademptum : the fall of the 
republic has taken from them, while yet unborn, all chance of 
such privileges. 

42. at vero, * but you will say ' : anticipating Cicero's 
objection. 

43. nisi= * but perhaps.' 

44. quae res, * a thought which.' 

The ruin of these Greek cities was in itself a forcible indict- 
ment of the Roman Republic, the loss of which Servius is 
deploring. 

48. circumcirca = ^ua^ circumcirca sunt. 

49. Megara was destroyed in 307 b.c. by Demetrius 
Poliorcetes, Piraeus by Sulla in 86 b.c, Corinth by Mummius 
in 146 B.C. The last was rebuilt on Caesar's initiative. 

55. oppidum : a contracted form of oppidorum, 

visne tu expresses a peremptory command addressed 

by Servius to himself : * I beg you to check yourself,' i.e. * to 

be modest.' 

58. idem, *also.' 

59. mode, ' of late '; at Pharsalia, Thapsus, and Munda. 

61. deminutio : the Roman empire had lost no territory 
under Caesar ; but Servius, and those who thought with him, 
considered that it had lost in reputation. 

62. in unius... facta est, ' if the loss of the little life of one 
feeble woman has taken place': the two diminutives are meant 
to express the small importance of the loss, 

67. etiam marks a remonstrance : * I pray you. ' 
his rebus, ' the present situation ' of politics. 

70. re publica here means, ' free government.' 

71. augurem : see n. to 24 1. 47. The order of words 



Notes 95 

shows that this was considered a greater distinction than the 
consulship. 

72. adulescentibus : she was thrice married, to Piso, 
Crassipes, and Dolabella : the first she lost by death, the other 
two she divorced. 

78. neque imitare : Cicero would have written neve for 
neque with the imperative. 

80. tuts is an emphatic pronoun : tute is an adv. 

85. ei rei occurrere, ' to meet that event half-way.' 

86. inferis : belief in a future life was not strong among 
Komans of that age : it is remarkable that Servius makes no 
attempt to console Cicero by suggesting that Tullia is happier 
now than she was on earth, where her married life certainly 
gave her little happiness. 

87. qui illius...amor fuit, ' such was her love.' 

88. Da hoc illi, ' do this for her sake. ' 
91. possit: for subject, supply 2?a^ria. 



LETTER 26 

I. vero : see n. to 12 1. 1 : 'I do indeed regret that you 
were not present.' 

6. possent : consecutive subjunctive, quae being = 1^^ ea. 

7. Servius... tuus, 'your son, Servius.' 
9. quanti : gen. of price. 

II. iucundiora : no kindness could have made Cicero 
happy then, yet he never was more grateful for kindness. 

20. The examples of bereavement quoted are those of 
Quintus Fabius Maximus, who fought against Hannibal, Lucius 
Aemilius PauUus who conquered Macedonia at Pydna, Marcus 
Porcius Cato the censor, and Gaius Sulpicius Gallus : the 
last is called vester, because he belonged, like Servius, to the 
gens Sulpicia. 

21. rebus gestis : abl. of description. 

22. duo: supply filios. Aemilius Paullus celebrated a 
triumph at the end of 167 b.c. after his victory over Perseus, 
king of Macedonia ; his son, aged twelve, died five days before 
the triumph, and another son, of fourteen, died three days 



96 Notes 

after it. Thus he was left childless, as his other two sons had 
passed by adoption into other families. Later writers loved 
to draw a moral from the coincidence of' such great glory and 
such utter bereavement. 

24. i\& = talihus. fMQVwxi^ — vixerunt. 

30. amicorum negotiis : the law-suits of his friends in 
which he used to speak. 

31. cogitationes meae = ' my sad thoughts.' 
33. id quod erat, ' as was the case.' 

38. His harbour of refuge was his daughter. 

41. yu\n.QT:Q=propter vulnusi abl. of cause. 

ilia, ' the old wounds.' 

44. domo, * from my home.' 

48. domesticum : supply dolorem. 

50. ratio nulla, ' no system of philosophy.' 

54. cum... turn, * both... and.' 

56. inter nos, * together.' 

57. totum, 'entirely.' unius : Caesar. 

60. cum, 'though.' 

61. deliberationis : gen. of description. 

LETTEE 27 

I. ex tuis litteris : in an earlier letter Cicero says that he 
always defends Matius against unfriendly critics. 

4. maximi: gen. of price. 

6. iDoni, 'good man': Matius had done things offensive 
to the boni in the narrower sense of the word, the partisans of 
the Senate : see n. to 1 1. 21. 

7. eo : abl. of amount of difference. 

9. praesertim in ci\iem=praesertim quia in te, 

II. ut is here = gMowiorfo. 

12. ut par erat : supply te resistere. 

13. bonitate, amicitia : abl. of cause. 
15. vitio : predicative dat. 

18. iam vicerint, ' they have already proved.' 

19. non agam astute, ' I shall speak frankly.' 

20. ad istum gradum sapientiae, ' to that height of philo- 
sophy. ' I am no philosopher, says Matius, but * a plain blunt 



Notes 97 

man, that love my friend' (Antony in Shakespeare's Julius 
Caesar). 

23. re, ' by his action.' 

24. causam^ ' his pretext.' 

25. quam : the antecedent is dissensionis. 

26. in victoria hominis = c?*7?i vicisset homo : this use of in 
is a Latin idiom. 

28. reliqui, not reliqui. 

29. cum, 'though.' 

30. lege Caesaris : as early as 49 b.c. Caesar passed a law 
in favour of debtors, by which creditors lost about 25 per cent, 
of the sums owing to them. Matius had lost money by it. 
The moderation of this law was very distasteful to many of 
Caesar's followers, who expected an entire cancelling of debts 
[novae tabulae) ; and this discontent gave rise to the disorders 
caused by Caelius (see p. 19) and Dolabella. 

31. cuius is fern. : the law enabled many debtors to pay 
their debts and so to remain in Italy. 

33. mea, 'my own.' 

36. a quo, 'from whom.' id : i.e. the safety of all. 

37. illi : dative, invidiae, exitio : predicative dat. The 
men who took Caesar's life also caused his unpopularity with 
capitalists, because he passed the law to relieve them. 

38. plecteris is future. 

39. 0, as often, governs the ace. : superbiam is defined by 
the ace. and inf. which follow. 

40. facinore, ' their deed ' : the word does not necessarily 
mean an evil deed. 

44. quae, ' this privilege.' 

46. nihil agunt, ' their labour is vain.' 

50. opto, ' I pray.' 

51. omnibus, 'to them all.' This desire was fulfilled : every 
one of the murderers died a violent death. 

52. at, ' it is said that,' states a possible objection. 
pro civili parte, ' as a patriot should.' 

rem publicam is an ambiguous word : in the mouth of 
Matius it means ' my country ' ; to his critics it meant ' a 
republican form of government.' 

D. 7 



98 Notes 

54. reliqua mea spes, ' my hopes for the future.' 

55. vincere : see n. to 1. 18. 
maiorem in modum, 'earnestly.' 

56. rem, 'actions,' oratione, 'words,' 
58. quod : relative. 

61. me ipse retexam, ' am I to undo the fabric of my life ? ' : 
the metaphor is from weaving. 
non faciam, ' I will not do so.' 

67. at : see n. to 1. 52 : at in 1. 68 is different. 

ludos: Caesar had vowed to Venus Victrix that he would 
celebrate games in commemoration of his victory at Pharsalia. 
After his death, his heir Octavian, here called Caesar after the 
father who had adopted him, undertook to give these games 
and obtained the assistance of Matius. 

adulescens : Octavian was only nineteen at this time. 

68. The excuse given by Matius would not be accepted by 
a stern republican : for these games could not pass as a mere 
sign of personal regard but must have political significance as 
well. 

71. optimae spei, ' who promises excellently for the 
future ' : gen. of quality. 

72. Caesare is governed by ^z^7iissimo (dat.). petentigoes 
closely with negare. 

74. veni etiam : another charge against Matius, that he 
was too familiar with Antony, who seemed likely to prove a 
second Caesar. Matius's answer begins with ad quem. 

76. quidem throws emphasis on rogandi : Matius was 
accused of visiting Antony for reasons of politeness ; he retorts 
that his critics visit Antony for more solid reasons. 

77. frequentes, ' often. ' 

78. quod, ' a thing which' : transl. ' whereas.' 

79. quin...uterer, * from associating with.' 
85. etiam ii, ' even those.' 

87. sui : gen. of se^ governed by similes. 

LETTER 28 

1. Lupus was an officer serving under Brutus. 

3. in ilB locis ; Cicero left Rome soon after Sept. 2, 44 p.c., 



Notes 99 

when he delivered the First Philippic against Antony. The 
activity of Octavian forced Antony to leave Borne on 
Nov. 20th ; and Cicero returned from south Italy on Dec. 9th. 
4. meis litteris, ' a letter from me.' 

6. a. d. V Idus Dec. : see p. 102. 

7. Pansa was one of the elected consuls for the next year. 

11. ilia... re : the murder of Caesar. 
13. illud may be translated ' one thing.' 

16. dies noctesque : ace. of duration of time. 

18. obliviscere is future. 

19. iste : Antony, provinciam, ' the province ' of Gaul. 
26. ut, 'so that.' principiis, the murder of Caesar; exitus, 

the destruction of Antony. 

31. pluribus verbis, 'in more words,' i.e. at greater 
length, meum est, ' belongs to me.' 

35. cum... turn, ' both... and.' 

LETTER 29 

1. quam vellem...me invitasses, ' how sorry I am you did 
not invite me.' The ' splendid feast ' is Caesar's murder ; 
by saying that nothing would have been left, Cicero means 
that Antony would have perished too. 

3. nunc, ' as it is ' ; because you did not invite me. 
iis : reliquHs, i.e. Antony. 

4. vestrum includes the other conspirators as well as 
Trebonius ; tuum would apply to him alone. 

5. habeat, ' is open to.' 

6. tuo beneficio, ' thanks to you.' 

7. haec pestis : Antony, which accounts for the gender of 
seductus. 

Trebonius kept Antony away from the place, while Caesar 
was being murdered. 

9. ut...primum, ' as soon as.' 

10. discessum: see n. to 28 1. 3. 

12. civi acerrimo : see n. to 1 1. 29. 

13. in ore : Trebonius had always praised Cicero's 
patriotism. 

7—2 



100 Notes 

14. a. d. XIII Kal. Ian. : see p. 102. 

15. de alia re referrent, ' put some other business before 
the house ' : referre is technically used of the magistrate pre- 
siding in the Senate. 

totam rem publicam, * the political situation in general.' 

16. egi, 'I spoke.' This was the speech known as the 
Third Philippic. 

18. animi, 'of ray enthusiasm'; ing-enii, 'of my eloquence.' 

19. mea contentio atque actio, 'the vigour of ray speech.' 
24. res urbanas, ' the news of Eorae.' 

acta, ' the gazette ' of proceedings in the Senate. 

26. eram, ' I am ' : epistolary past : see p. 102. 

27. cognosces: see n. to 10 1. 15. 

29. male sentientes, i.e. opposed to the honi and favourable 
to Antony. 

30. Servio : Servius Sulpicius had lately died : see p. 21. 

31. avunculus : Lucius Caesar's sister, Julia, was Antony's 
mother. 

32. consules : Hirtius and Pansa were the consuls. 

33. puer Caesar : Octavian, who had now taken the name 
of his adoptive father. 

equidem, ' for my part,' implies that some distrust him. 
spero...reliqua, 'I hope that his conduct in future will be 
satisfactory.' 

34. veteranos...conscripsisset : the most famous of all 
Latin inscriptions is the Ancyra Monument, which -was in- 
scribed on the walls of a temple at Ancyra (now Angora) in 
Galatia. It was a record of his ow'n actions written by 
Octavian, afterwards called Augustus, and begins with these 
words : annos undeviginti natus exeecitum privato consilio 

ET PRIVATA IMPENSA COMPARAVI, PER QUEM REM PUBLICAM 
DOMINATIONE FACTIONIS OPPRESSAM IN LIBERTATEM VINDICAVI. 

35. legiones duae : Antony had summoned over from 
Macedonia to Brundisium four legions of Caesar's veterans : 
two of these mutinied and declared for Octavian, when he 
appeared in Italy and claimed their allegiance. 

37. scelerls: gen. of the part, governed by nihil. 

39. arbitrabar, ' I suppose ' : 3pistolary past : see p. 102. 



APPENDIX 

1. Roman Dates. 

(1) The Romans denoted any year by the names of 
the two consuls who held office in that year : thus Lentulo 
et Marcello consulihus (23 1. o) = 49 b.c. 

(2) The day of the month was indicated in a more 
complicated fashion. In each month there were three 
fixed points, the Kalends (the 1st), the Nones (the 5th), 
and the Ides (the 13th); and the date was reckoned 
backwards from these points. But four months, March, 
July, October, May, had the Nones on the 7th and the 
Ides on the loth. 

A further complication is this — that the Romans, in 
reckoning the number of days backwards, included in the 
calculation the day from which, and the day to which, the 
reckoning was made. Hence 

January 1st w^as Kalendae lanuariaey 
and December 31st was pridie Kalendas lanuarias ; 
but December 30th, being reckoned as the third day 
before the Calends, was called ante diem tertium 
Kalendas lanuarias and w^-itten a. d. Ill Kal. Ian, 
December 29th was a. d. IV Kal. lari. ; 
December 21st was a. d. XII Kal, Ian. ; 
December 14th was a, d. XIX Kal. Ian. ; 
December 13th was Idus Decemhres and was commonly 

written Id. Dec. ; 
December 12th was pridie Idus Decembres and was 
written prid. Id. Dec. ; 



102 Appendix 

December 5th was Nonae Decembres and was written 

Non. Dec, ; 
December 4th was pridie Nonas Decembres and was 
written p7id. (or pr. ) Non. Dec. 
(3) The following is a list of the dates occurring in 
these letters with their English equivalents: 

2 1. 57 a. d. VI K. Decembr.=lSov. 26th 
a. d. VIII Id. Febr. =Febr. 6th 
a. d. VIII Id. Apr. = April 6th 
a. d. VII Id. Apr. = April 7th 
a. d. Ill Id. Apr. = April 11th 
a. d. VI Id. Apr. = April 8th 
Nonae Maiae = May 7th 

pridie Nonas Maias = May 6th 
Idibus Maiis =May loth 

pr. Non. Ian. =Jan. 4th 

pr. Idus Ian. = Jan. 12th 

a. d. VI Kal. [Apr.^ = March 27th 
a. d. Illlld. Mai. =May 12th 
a. d. V Idus Dec. = Dec. 9th 
Idibus Martiis = March 15th 

29 1. 14 a. d. XIII Kal. Ian. =Dec. 20th 



2. Epistolary Tenses. 

There are many instances in Cicero's letters where a 
past tense should be translated by a present tense in 
English. Thus scribebam often means ^ I am writing/ and 
habebam means ^I have.' 

The writer expressed himself thus, because his thoughts 
passed from himself to his correspondent^ to whose mind 
the action of writing would be not present but past. 

Other tenses as well as the imperfect are used similarly ; 
thus scripserayn sometimes takes the place of scripsi and 
should then be translated '^I wrote' or M have written.' 



8 1. 


5 


5 1. 


1 


5 1. 


4 


5 1. 


23 


5 1. 


27 


5 1. 


32 


5 1. 


33 


13 1. 


5 


16 1. 


12 


16 1. 


44 


21 1. 


3 


23 1. 


5 


28 1. 


6 


29 1. 


2 



Appendix 103 

But these tenses are exceptional^ and in the great 
majority of cases Cicero uses the present tense just as we 
do. Therefore^ in every case where such a tense as erat 
occurs^ the English reader must determine from the 
context whether it means '^is' or '^was.' 

Examples of the former meaning will be found in o 1. 28 
{eram), 5 1. S6 (placebat), 8 1. 4 {nescieham), etc. 

8. Nos aiid Ego. 

It is essential to bear in mind that Cicero often uses 
nos and noster, where he is speaking of himself only_, so 
that the words should in such cases be translated ^ 1 ' and 
^my/ not '^we' and ^our.' 

An example may be taken from Letter 1 1. 10 where 
Cicero speaks of nostra causa. If nostra here had a plural 
sense^ the phrase would refer to the contest between the 
Senate and the triumvirate. But the context proves that 
this is not so^ that nostra = niea, and that the reference is 
merely to the attack of Clodius against Cicero personally. 

In each case the context must be carefully examined^, 
in order to determine whether nos is singular or plural in 
meaning. 



VOCABULARY 



ABBREVIATIONS 



ahl. 


ablative. 


ace. 


accusative. 


adj. 


adjective. 


adv. 


adverb. 


comp. 


comparative. 


conj. 


conjunction. 


def. 


defective. 


/. 


feminine. 


gen. 


genitive. 


impers. 


impersonal. 


indecl. 


indeclinable. 


interj. 


interjection. 


interr. 


interrogative 


irreg. 


irregular. 


m. 


masculine. 


n. 


neuter. 



neg. 

part. 

pass. 

Pf. 

pi. 

prep. 

pron. 

sing. 

subst. 

V. 

V. a. 
V. d. 
V. n. 
1, 2, 3, 4 



negative, 
participle, 
passive, 
perfect, 
plural, 
preposition, 
pronoun, 
singular, 
substantive, 
verb. 

verb active, 
verb deponent, 
verb neuter. 
1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th 
conjugation. 



The quantity of long vowels is marked except in syllables 
where they are also long by position. 

a, ab, and abs, prep, with abl. 
fronii by, after. 

abed, 4 v.n. abivi or abii, 
abitum, go away. 

abhorreo, 2 v.n. shrink from. 

abicio, 3 v.a. cast aivay. 

abiectus, a, una, loiv, mean. 

absens, entis, absent. 

absum, v.n. abfui or afui, be 
absent, be distant. 

absurde, adv. offensively. 

abtitor, 3 v.d. abuse, take ad- 
vantage of. 

ac, conj. and, as. 

accedo, 3 v.n. access!, acces- 
sum, approach, be added to. 

accessio, onis, f. addition. 

accido, 3 v.n. accidi, happen. 

accipio, 3 v.a. accepi, accep- 
tum, receive, hear. 



accommodo, 1 v.a. suit. 

accurate, adv. exactly, care- 
fully. 

acctlso, 1 v.a. accuse, prose- 
cute. 

acer, acris, acre, keen, ener- 
getic, spirited. 

acerbe, adv. bitterly. 

acerbus, a, urn, bitter, harsh, 
painful. 

acquiesce, 3 v.n. acquievi, am 
relieved. 

acriter, adv. loith vigour. 

acta, orum, n. records, gazette. 

actio, onis, f. speech. 

acdtus, a, um, sharp, clever. 

ad, prep, with ace. to, at, 
towards, till, according to, 
ivith a vieio to, upon. 

adamo, 1 v.a. begin to love. 



106 



Vocahulary 



addo, 3 v.a. addidi, additum, 
add^ attach. 

addtlco, 3 v.a. bring to, induce. 

adeo, 4 v.n. adivi or adil, 
aditum, approach, go to. 

adeo, adv. so far, to such an ex- 
tent, so much, further, also. 

adhibeo, 2 v.a. apply, show. 

adhtic, adv. hitherto, as yet, 
still. 

adimo, 3 v.a. take away. 

adipiscor, 3 v.d. adeptus, gain. 

adiungo, 3 v.a. add. 

adifttor, oris, m. helper. 

adiuvo, 1 v.a. adiuvi, adiiitum, 
help. 

admoneo, 2 v.a. advise, re- 
mind, loarn. 

adsum, v.n. he present. 

adulescens, -entis, m. young 
man, youth. 

adventus, us, m. arrival. 

adversaria, ae, f. adversary, 
rival. 

adversus, a, um, adverse, dis- 
astrous. 

aedificatio, onis, L building. 

aedifico, 1 v.a. build. 

aedllitas, atis, f. office of 
aedile. 

aeger, gra, grura, sick, ill. 

aegritUdo, inis, f. sickness, 
sorrow. 

aeque, adv. equally. 

aerumna, ae, f. calamity. 

aes, aeris, n. copper, bronze ; 
phrase, aes alienum, an- 
othefs money, i.e. debt. 

aestimo, 1 v.a. value. 

aetas, atis, f. age, time of life. 

affero, v. irreg. attiili, alla- 
tum, bring to. 

affici5, 3 v.a. a feet. 

affllgo, 3 v.a. aliiixl, afflictum, 
strike down, damage, afflict. 

ager, agri, m. field, farm. 

ago,' 3 v.a. and n. egi, actum, 
lead, drive, do, act, plead, 



pass time, live, discuss, speak; 
ago gratias, give thavks. 

aio, V, def. say, speak. 

alienus, a, um, another's, 
unfriendly , strange ; subst. 
alienus, i, m. foreigner, 
stranger. 

alio, adv. elsewhere. 

aliquando, adv. at one time, 
at some time. 

aliquantum, adv. somewhat. 

aliquis, a, id, someone, any- 
one. 

aliquot, indecl. some, several. 

aliter, adv. otherwise. 

alius, a, ud, other, another, 
different; alius... alius, one 
...another. 

allevatio, onis, f. lightening, 
relief. 

alter, era, erum, one. ..other, 
the one, the other {of two). 

ambitus, us, m. bribery. 

amens, entis, mad. 

amicitia, ae, f. friendship. 

amicus, a, wm, friendly ; subst. 
amicus, i, m. friend. 

amitto, 3 v.a. amisi, amissum, 
lose. 

amo, 1 v.a. love. 

amor, oris, m. love. 

amplified, 1 v.a. increase. 

amplitiido, inis, f. greatness. 

amplus, a, um, large, dis- 
tinguished. 

an, conj. ivhether, or. 

anima, ae, f. breath, life, soul. 

animatus, a, um, minded, dis- 
posed. 

animula, ae, f. little life. 

animus, i, m. miiid, intellect, 
courage, heart, inclination ; 
animi causa, for amuse- 
ment. 

annus, i, m. ye((r. 

annuus, a, um, lusting u year. 

ante, adv. and pre}), with ace. 
before. 



Voeahvlary 



107 



antea, adv. before. 

antecedo, 3 v.n. go before, pre- 
cede. 

antlquus, a, um, former, an- 
cient, important. 

aperte, adv. openly. 

appareo, 2 v.n. appear. 

appello, 1 v.a. call, appeal to. 

approbo, 1 v.a. approve. 

appropinquo, 1 v.n. draiv 
near. 

apud, prep, with ace. at, with, 
among, in. 

arbitratus, ns, m. free ivill, 
pleasure. 

arbitrium, ii, n. will. 

arbitror, 1 v.d. think. 

ardeo, 2 v.n. arsi, arsum, 
burn. 

area, ae, f. open space, site. 

argentum, i, n. silver. 

argumentum, i, n. proof, sub- 
ject. 

arrogantia, ae, f. insolence, 
arrogance. 

ars, artis, f. art, device, method, 
quality, pursuit. 

artificium, ii, n. contrivance, 
scheme. 

asper, era, erum, rough, harsh. 

aspere, adv. roughly, rudely. 

aspicio, 3 v.a. behold, see. 

assequor, 3 v.d. catch up, 
reach, attain. 

astrologus, i, m. astrologer, 
astronomer. 

astflte, adv. cunningly. 

at, conj. but, it is said that. 

atque, conj. and, as. 

atqui, conj. and yet, but. 

attingo, 3 v.a. attigi, touch, 
mention slightly. 

auctor, oris, m. adviser. 

auctoritas, atis, f. authority, 
influence , truthfu Iness . 

audeo, 2 v.a. and n. ausQS, 
dare, venture. 

audio, 4 v.a. hear, listen. 



aufero, v. irreg. abstuli, abla- 
tum, carj^y away, carinj 
off^ 

augur, uris, m. augur, sooth- 



augurium, ii, n. augury, fore- 
cast. 

auguror, 1 v.d. surmise, fore- 
tell. 

aurum, i, n. gold. 

aut, conj. either, or. 

autem, conj. but. 

auxilium, ii, n. help, 

avoco, 1 v.a. call away. 

avunculus, i, m. uncle. 

beatus, a, um, happy, blessed. 

belle, adv. nicely. 

bellicosus, a, um, loarlike. 

bellum, i, n. ivar. 

bene, adv. ivell. 

beneficium, ii, n. kindness, 
benefit. 

benevolentia, ae, f. goodwill. 

bona, subst. good things, bless- 
ings. 

boni, subst. loyalists, parti- 
sans of the Senate. 

bonitas, atis, f. kindness. 

bonus, a, um, good. 

brevi, adv. briefly. 

brevis, e, short. 

brevitas, atis, f. shortness. 

breviter, adv. shortly. 

cadaver, eris, n. corpse. 

cado, 3 v.n. cecidi, casum, 
fall. 

calamitas, atis, f. disaster ; 
esp. exile. 

calleo, 2 v.n. callui, be hard- 
ened. 

capio, 3 v.a. cepi, captum, 
take, seize, catch, get, feel. 

caput, itis, n. head, person, 
position. 

carpo, 3 v.a. slander. 

cams, a, um, dear. 



108 



Vocabidari/ 



castrum, i, n. /or i; pi. castra, 

orum, n. camp. 
casus, us, m. fall, chance, 

accident. 
causa, ae, f. cause, reason, 

position, business ; causa, 

for the sake of. 
cedo, V. def. imperative only, 

tell me, give me. 
cedo, 3 v.a. and n. cessi, 

cessum, yield, loithdraw. 
celebritas, atis, f. crowded 

state, publicity, renown. 
celer, eris, ere, quick, speedy. 
celeriter, Sidw. .nviftly, quickly. 
ceno, 1 v.n. dine, sup. 
censeo, 2 v.a. express an 

opinion, vote. 
cerno, 3 v.a. crevi, cretum, 

perceive, discern. 
certe, adv. really, surely, at 

least. 
certiorem facere, inform. 
certo, adv. surely, certainly. 
certus, a, um, fixed, certain, 

settled. 
ceterus, a, um, the remainder, 

the rest. 
cibus, i, m. food. 
circumcirca, adv. round about, 
civllis, e, civil. 
civis, is, m. citizen. 
cl vitas, atis, f. state, common- 
wealth, town. 
clamor, oris, m. shouting, 

noise. 
clarus, a, um, clear, loud, 

famous. 
clausula, ae, f. ivay of ending. 
dementia, ae, f. clemency. 
cliens, entis, m. client, de- 
pendent. 
coepi, V. def. begin. 
cogitatio, onis, f. thought, re- 
flection, purpose, imagina- 
tion. 
cogito, 1 v.a. tJiiiik, imagine, 
purpo>^e. 



cognosco, 3 v.a. cognovJ, cog- 
nitum, learn, investigate, 
pf., know. 
cogo, 3 v.a. coegi, coactum, 
compel, force. 

cohibeo, 2 v.a. restrain, check. 

cohortor, 1 v.d. exhort, en- 
courage. 

collaudo, 1 v.a. praise highly. 

coUectlcius, a, um, hastily 
gathered. 

comes, itis, m. and f. com- 
panion. 

comitas, atis, f. affability. 

commemoro, 1 v.a. mention. 

commendatio, onis, f. recom- 
mendation. 

commendo, 1 v.a. commend, 
entrust. 

commentor, 1 v.d. devise, 
consider. 

committo, 3 v.a. commit, en- 
trust, act, perpetrate. 

commode, adv. conveniently, 
comfortably. 

commodum, i, n. advantage, 
comfort. 

commoratio, onis, f. sojourn. 

commoror, 1 v.d. stay, so- 
journ. 

commoveo, 2 v.a. move, dis- 
turb ; commotus, a, um, 
unwell. 

commilnio, onis, f. sympathy. 

communis, e, general. 

commuto, 1 v.a. change, get 
in exchange. 

comparatio, onis, f. prepara- 
tion. 

comparo, 1 v.a. acquire, pre- 
pare. 

complector, 3 v.d. complexus, 
embrace. 

complexus, iis, m. embrace. 

concessus, Qs, m. permission. 

concurro, 3 v.n. concurri, con- 
cursum, run together. 

condemn©, 1 v.a. condemn. 



Vocahidary 



109 



condtlco, 3 v.a. and n. bring 
together, he of use. 

confers, v. irreg. contuli, col- 
latum, bring together, com- 
pare, confer, converse, betake, 
impute. 

confido, 3 v.n. confisus, trust, 
feel confident. 

confio, V. irreg. be done, be 
accomplished. 

confirmo, 1 v.a. and n. 
strengthen, assert. 

confug-io, 3 v.n. take refuge. 

coniectura, ae, f. guessing. 

coniunctio, onis, f. union, 
alliance. 

coniunctus, a, um, united. 

coniungo, 3 v.a. bring to- 
gether. 

Conor, 1 v.d. attempt. 

conquasso, 1 v.a. shatter. 

conquiesco, 3 v.n. find rest. 

consanesco, 3 v.n. consanui, 
become whole, be healed. 

conscendo, 3 v.n. ascend, get 
up, take ship. 

conscius, a, um, consciou>i, 
air are. 

conscribo, 3 v.a. write, enroll. 

consentio, 4 v.n. agree icith, 
correspond to. 

consequor, 3 v.d. follow up, 
attain, overtake. 

considers, 1 v.a. consider, 
think over. 

consilium, ii or i, n. wisdom, 
purpose, advice, decision. 

consolatio, onis, f. consola- 
tion. 

consoler, 1 v.d. console. 

conspectus, us, m. sight. 

constantia, ae, f. unchanging 
devotion. 

constituo, Sy.&. appoint, deter- 
mine, prove. 

consuesco, 3 v.a. and n. con- 
suevi, accustom, be accus- 
tomed. 



consuettido, inis, f. custom, 

friendship. 
consul, ulis, m. consul. 
consularis, is, m. a former 

consul. 
contentio, onis, f. exertions. 
contio, onis, f. meeting, speech 

at a meeting. 
contra, prep, with ace. aga inst ; 

adv. on the other hand. 
contnrbo, 1 v.a. upset. 
convalesce, 3 v.n. convalul, 

get well. 
convenio, 4 v.a. and n. come 

together, meet, call upon, 

agree, suit. 
converts, 3 v.a. convert!, con- 

versum, turn, change. 
convicium, ii, n. noise, cry, 

abuse. 
convivium, ii, n. banquet, 

party. 
copia, ae, f. abund^ance ; pi. 

copiae, forces, troops. 
coram, prep, with abl. in the 

presence of; adv. face to 

face. 
corpus, oris, n. body. 
cotidie, adv. every day. 
crebro, s.d\. frequently. 
credo, 3 v.a. and n. credidi, 

creditum, entrust, trust, 

believe. 
crimen, inis, n. charge, ac- 
cusation. 
crfldelis, e, cruel, blood- 
thirsty. 
crtldelitas, atis, f. cruelty. 
culpa, ae, f. sin, fault. 
cum, prep, with abl. with. 
cum, conj ichen, since, though. 
cum...tum, both... and. 
cupide, adv. selfishly. 
cupiditas, atis, f. desire, evil 

passion. 
cupio, 3 v.a. desire. 
cura, ae, f. care, anxiety. 
cHria, ae, f. senate -house. 



110 



Vocabulary 



ctlro, 1 v.Si. care for, take care, 
take care oJ\ cure. 

damno, 1 v. a. condemn. 

damnum, i, n. loss. 

de, prep, with abl. doion from, 
from, concerning, out of. 

debeo, 2 v. a. owe, he hound, 
ought. 

debilito, Iv.a. weaken, cripple. 

decedo, 3 v.n. depart, leave 
the province. 

deceo, 2 v. a. hecome, hejit', 
impers. decet, it hecomes. 

decerno, 3 v. a. and n. decree, 
determine. 

declard, 1 v. a. make clear. 

defends, 3 v.a. defend. 

defessus, a, um, weary, ivorn 
out. 

defetlgo, 1 v.a. iveary out. 

deficio, 3 v. a. and n. fail. 

deinde, adv. then, next. 

delects, 1 v.a. charm, delight. 

delego, 1 v.a. assign, hand 
over. 

dellberatio, onis, f. considera- 
tion. 

delitoero, 1 v.n. consider. 

deligo, 3 v.a. choose. 

deminuo, 3 v.a. lessen, 
diminish. 

demintitio, onis, f. loss, les- 
sening. 

demitto, 3 v.a. send down, 
lower. 

denique, adv. lastly. 

depell5, 3 v.a. thrust out, 
drive out. 

deploro, 1 v.a. and n. lament. 

depono, 3 v.a. lay aside. 

deprehendo, 3 v.a. catch, find 
out. 

descisco, 3 v.n. descivi or 
descii, fall away, prove un- 
true to. 

d§ser5, 3 v.a. deserui, deser- 
tum, desert^ abandon. 



desertus, a, um, deserted. 

deslderium, il, n. love, longing, 
sad parting. 

desldero, 1 v.a. love, long for, 
niisx, need. 

designo, 1 v.a. mark out, desig- 
nate ; magistrates elected, 
but not yet holding office, 
are called designati (magis- 
trates elect). 

desisto, 3 v.n. leave off. 

despero, 1 v. a. and n. despair. 

desum, v.n. he wanting ; 
deesse sibi, he icanting to 
oneself, throw away ones 
chances. 

detraho, 3 v.a. draw down, 
remove, take away. 

detrlmentum, i, n. harm. 

dextra, adv. on the right 
hand. 

dico, 3 v.a. dixi, dictum, say, 
speak, call. 

dictator, oris, m. dictator. 

dictito, 1 v.n. repeat. 

dies, el, m. and f. in sing., m. 
in pi. day, time ; diemalicui 
dicere, prosecute someone. 

dignitas, atis, f. dignity, 
honour, position. 

dignus, a, um, ivorthy. 

dliMico, 1 v.a. decide, deter- 
mine. 

dliunctio, onis, f. separation. 

diligenter, adv. carefully. 

dlligentia, ae, f. care, pains. 

dlligo, 3 v.a. love. 

dimitto, 3 v.a. send away, let 
go, give up. 

diripio, 3 v.a. sack, plunder. 

diruo, 3 v.n. dirul, dirutum, 
destroy, tear in pieces. 

discgdo, 3 v.n. depart, come 
off. 

discessus, us, m. departure. 

discipllna, ae, f. study, 
science. 

diSCOrdia, ae, f. disagreement. 



Vocabulary 



111 



discrlbo, 3 v. a. majp out, divide 
up. 

discrlmen, inis, n. danger, 
risk. 

discumbo, 3 v.n. sit at table. 

displiceo, 2 v.n. displease. 

dissensio, onis, f. disagree- 
ment, quarrel. 

dissimilis, e, unlike. 

dissimulanter, adv. secretly. 

dissimulo, 1 v. a. conceal. 

distineo, 2 v. a. engage, detain. 

diH, adv. for a long time. 

dititurnus, a, um, long- 
lasting. 

divlnatio, onis, f. prophecij. 

divlnus, a, um, divine, super- 
human, providential. 

do, 1 v.a. dedl, datum, give, 
send off (of a letter). 

doctrlna, ae, f. learning. 

doleo, 2 v.a. and n. feel pain, 
grieve. 

dolor, oris, m. pain, grief, 
resentment. 

domesticus. a, um, private, 
domestic. 

dominatus, us, m. rule, 
tyranny. 

domus, us, f. house, home ; 
locative, domi, at home ; 
domum, to the house. 

dormio, 4 v.n. sleep. 

dubitatio, onis, f. hesitation. 

dubito, 1 v.n. doubt, hesitate. 

dubius, a, um, doubtful. 

dtlco, 3 v.a. duxi, ductum, 
lead, guide, consider, marry, 
prolong. 

dulcedo, inis, f. sweetness, 
charm. 

dulcis, e, siveet, pleasant, 
charming. 

dum, conj. while, until, pro- 
vided that. 

dummodo, con], provided that, 

duo, ae, o, two. 

(lux, ducis, m. leader. 



e and ex, prep, with abl. out 
of, from; according to, after. 

efficio, 3 v.a. effecl, effectum, 
effect, cause. 

eflfugio, 3 v.a. and n. flee 
aivay, escape. 

egeo, 2 v.n. be in ivant, lack. 

ego, mel, I; egomet, I my- 
self; mecum, ivith me, in 
my heart, to myself. 

egregius, a, um, excellent, 
distinguished. 

eiusmodi, of that kind, such. 

emissarius, ii, m. emissary. 

en, interj. see! behold! 

enim, conj. for. 

eo, 4 v.n. ivi or ii, itum, go. 

eo, adv. thither, therefore. 

epistula, ae, f. letter. 

epulae, arum, f. feast. 

equidem, adv. for my part, 
indeed. 

erga, prep, with ace. towards. 

ergo, adv. therefore. 

eripio, 3 v.a. snatch away. 

erro, 1 v.n. err. 

escendo, 3 v.n. and a. climb 
up, ascend. 

essedum, I, n. chariot. 

et, adv. and conj. both, and, 
also, even. 

etiam, adv. and conj. also, 
even, really, still, I pray 
you. 

etsi, conj. although. 

evenio, 4 v.n. happen. 

eventum, I, n. event, result. 

ex, see e. 

excedo, 3 v.n. depart from. 

excelsus, a, um, lofty. 

excipio, 3 v.a. excepi, excep- 
tum, take up, receive. 

excito, 1 v.a. stir up. 

exctlsatio, onis, f. excuse, in- 
dulgence. 

exemplum, i, n. example, 
model; phrase, h5c exemplo, 
as follows. 



112 



Vocabulary 



exeo, 4 v.n. go out, go abroad. 

exercito, 1 v. a. try, practise. 

exercitus, us, m. army. 

exhaurio, 4 v. a. exhausi, ex- 
haustum, drink up, exhaust, 
complete. 

existimo, 1 v. a. and n. reckon, 
think. 

exitiosus, a, um, ruinous. 

exitium, ii, n. destruction. 

exitus, us, m. way out, end. 

exopto, 1 v.a. desire earnestly. 

expedio, 4 v.a. and n. ex- 
tricate, release, settle^ he 
expedient. 

expello, 3 v.a. expull, expul- 
sum, drive out, expel. 

explico, 1 v.a. explicavi and 
explicul, explicatum and 
explicitum, loosen, disen- 
tangle, settle. 

exsisto, 3 v.n. exstiti, exsti- 
tum, come forth, appear. 

exspectatio, onis, f. expecta- 
tion, hope. 

exspecto, 1 v.a. wait for, 
expect. 

exstinguo, 3 v.a. exstinxi, ex- 
stinctum, quench, destroy, 

extorqueo, 2 v.a. wring from. 

extra, adv. outside ; prep, 
with ace. except. 

extremus, a, um, last, utmost. 

extrtldo, 3 v.a. thrust out, 
dislodge. 

faber, bri, m. workman, arti- 
ficer. 

fabula, ae, f. play, story. 

facile, adv. easily. 

facilis, e, easy, compliant. 

facinus, inoris, n. deed, evil 
deed. 

facio, 3 v.a. feci, factum, make, 
do, practise, value. 

factum, i, n. action. 

fallo, 3 v.a. fefelli, falsum, 
deceive, escape notice. 



falsus, a, um, false, untrue. 
fama, ae, f. fame, reputation, 

talk. 
fames, is, f. hunger, a famine. 
familia, ae, f. household, 

family, the slaves. 
familiaris, e, intimate ; phrase, 

res familiaris, private pro- 
perty. 
familiariter, adv. in a friendly 

way. 
fas, only nom. and ace. sing. 

n. right. 
fateor, 2 v.d. fassus, confess, 

admit. 
fatum, i, n. fate, fortune. 
faveo, 2 v.n. favl, fautum, 

favour. 
femina, ae, f. woman. 
fero, V. irreg. tuli, latum, 

hear, carry, endure. 
festino, 1 v.n. hasten. 
festlvus, a, um, charming, 

amusing. 
fidelis, e, faithful, loyal. 
fides, ei, f. faith, belief, pro- 
mise, protection. 
filia, ae, f. daughter. 
fllius, ii, m. son. 
fingS, 3 v.a. and n. finxi, 

fictum, feign, invent. 
finis, is, m. end. 
flo, V. irreg. factus, happen, 

become, be made. 
firmus, a, um, strong. 
flagitS, 1 v.a. demand. 
flamma, ae, i. flame, blaze. 
fletus, lis, m. weeping. 
florens, entis, flourishing. 
floreo, 2 v.n. flourish, grow 

up. 
foedus, a, \xm,foul, detestable. 
fore: future infinitive of sum. 
forma, ae, f. shape, beauty, 

architect's plan. 
forsitan, adv. x>erhaps. 
fortasse, adv. perhaps. 
forte, adv. by chance. 



Vocabulary 



113 



fortis, e, strong, brave. 
fortitude, inis, f. courage. 
fortuitus, a, um, accidental, 

casual. 
forttlna, ae, t fortune. 
forum, i, n. forum, law-court. 
frango, 3 v.a. fregi, fractum, 

break, put constraint on. 
frater, tris, m. brother. 
frequens, entis, frequent, 

crowded. 
fretus, a, um, relying on, 

trusting to. 
fructus, us, m. enjoyment, 

produce, fruit, advantage. 
frustra, adv. in vain, to no 

purpose. 
fugio, 3 v.a. fugi, flee, escape. 
funditus, adv. from the bottom, 

utterly. 
fundus, i, m. farm, place, 

country house. 

gaudeo, 2 v.n. gavisus, rejoice. 

gaudium, ii, n. joy. 

gener, eri, m. son-in-law. 

gens, gentis, f. nation. 

genus, eris, n. kind. 

gero, 3 v.a. gessi, gestum, 
bear, carry on, wage, man- 
age, spend. 

gladius, ii, m. sword. 

gloria, ae, f. glorij. 

gloriola, ae, f. diminutive of 
gloria. 

glorior, 1 v.d. boast. 

gloriosus, a, um, glorious, 
boastful. 

gradus, us, m. degree. 

gratia, ae, f. favour, kindness, 
gratitude ; pi. thanks. 

gratulor, 1 v.d. congratulate. 

gratus, a, um, agreeable, grate- 
ful. 

gravis, e, heavy, serious, digni- 
fied. 

graviter, adv. heavily, seri- 
ously. 



habeo, 2 v.a. have, involve, 
hold, consider', phrase, sic 
res habet, so it is; s§ 
habere = esse. 

bem, interj. indeed! well! 
what ! 

Mc or hie, haec, hoc, de- 
monstr. pron. this. 

hic, adv. here, hereupon, here- 
in, in this respect. 

hiemo, 1 v.n. icinter, pass the 
ivinter. 

hiems, hiemis, f. ivinter. 

homo, inis, m. man, human 
being, fellow. 

homunculus, i, m. mannikin, 
feeble man. 

honestas, atis, f. distinction. 

honeste, adv. loith credit. 

honestus, a, um, honourable. 

honos, oris, m. honour, office, 
di.stinction, 

horreo, 2 v.a. tremble, shudder 
at. 

hortatio, onis, f. encourage- 
ment. 

hortator, oris, m. encourager. 

hortor, 1 v.d. urge. 

hortus, i, m. garden ; horti, 
pi. park. 

hospes, itis, m. host, guest, 
visitor. 

hospita, ae, f. guest, stranger. 

hUc, adv. hither. 

htlmane, adv. kindly. 

hftmanitas, atis, f. kindness, 
refinement. 

iaceo, 2 v.n. iacui, lie, 

iacto, 1 v.a. throiv, toss, treat 

rudely. 
iacttlra, ae, f. loss. 
iam, adv. iioiv, already, by 

this time, soon ; non iam, 

no longer. 
iamprldem, adv. for long, long 

since. 
ibi, adv. there. 



D. 



114 



Vocabulary 



idcirco, adv. therefore. 

idem, eadem, idem, the same. 

ide6, adv. on that account, 

idoneus, a, um, jit, suitable, 
favourable . 

igitur, conj. therefore, then. 

ignoro, 1 v.a. be ignorant. 

ignosco, 3 \.n. forgive. 

ignotus, a, um, unknown. 

illustris, e, conspicuous. 

illustro, 1 v.a. throiv light on^ 
glorify. 

imago, inis, f. picture, like- 
ness. 

imitor, 1 v.d. imitate, copy. 

immoderate, adv. beyond 
measure. 

impedimentum, i, n. hind- 
rance. 

impedio, 4 v.a. hinder. 

impended, 2 v.n. overhang, be 
imminent. 

imperator, oris, m. com- 
mander. 

imperium, ii, n. empire, power. 

impetro, 1 v.a. gain by ask- 
ing. 

impetus, us, m. onset, attack. 

imprimis, adv. chiefly. 

improbitas, atis, f. wicked- 
nesSf persistence, restless- 
ness. 

improbo, 1 v.a. disapprove. 

improbus, a, um, wicked, 
knavish. 

impudens, entis, shameless. 

imptlnlte, adv. with impunity. 

in, prep, with ace. into, against, 
for, till, tending to ; with 
abl. in. 

inaudltus, a, um, unheard of. 

incido, 3 v.n. incidi,/aZZ into. 

incito, 1 v.a. rouse, spur on. 

incolumis, e, safe, unharmed. 

incommodum, i, n. distress, 
inconvenience. 

incorruptus, a, um, unspoilt, 
uniujured. 



incredibilis, e, incredible^ be- 
yond belief. 

incorruptus, a, um, unspoilt, 
unimpaired. 

inde, adv. from this, thence, 
then. 

indigeo, 2 v.n. be in want of. 

indignor, 1 v.d. be angry. 

industria, ae, f. activity. 

ineo, 4 v.a. enter on. 

infero, v. irreg. intuli, illatum, 
carry in ; bellum inferre 
alicui, to make war upon 
someone. 

inferus, a, um, lying beneath-, 
subst. inferl, the dead. 

infidelis, e, unfaithful. 

inflammo, 1 v.a. set on fire, 
excite. 

infringo, 3 v.a. break down. 

ingenium, \i,n.nature, charac- 
ter, intellect. 

inimicus, a, um, unfriendly, 
hostile ; subst. inimicus, i, 
m. enemy, 

inlquus, a, um, unfair, hostile. 

initium, ii, n. beginning. 

initlria, ae, f. wrong, injustice. 

innumerabilis, e, countless. 

inquam, v. def. inquii, say. 

insidiae, arum, f. ambush, 
treachenj. 

insignis, e, remarkable, emi- 
nent ; insignia, badges. 

instituo, 3 v.a. begin, instruct. 

institHtum, i, n. custom, prac- 
tice. 

integer, gra, grum, untouched, 
undamaged, souiul, restored. 

intellego, 3 v.a. intellexT, in- 
tellectum, iinderstaiul. 

inter, prep, with ace. among, 
between ; inter nos, to one 
another. 

intercalo, 1 v.a. insert, inter- 
calate. 

intercMdo, 8 v.a. cut oj)'. 

interdum, ;ulv. xonwtinies. 



Vocahulary 



115 



intereo, 4 v.n. perish. 

intermitto, 3 v.a. leave out. 

interpello, 1 v.a. hinder. 

intersum, v.n. take 'part in ; 
impers. interest, there is a 
difference, it concerns. 

intervenio, 4 v.n. intervene. 

intestlnus, a, um, internal, 
personal. 

invehor, 3 v.d. invectus, at- 
tack. 

invenio, 4 v.a. find, discover, 
devise. 

invideo, 2 v.a. envy. 

invidia, ae, f. unpopularity . 

invidus, a, um, envious, 
jealous. 

invito, 1 v.a. invite. 

in Vitus, a, um, unwilling ; me 
invito, against my will. 

iocor, 1 v.d. jest. 

iocosus, a, um, playful. 

iocus, i, m. jest, joke. 

ipse, a, um, self, himself. 

iratus, a, um, angry. 

is, ea, id, that, he. 

iste, a, ud, that, this, that of 
yours, that by you. 

istic, adv. there. 

ita, adv. so, thus, accordingly. 

itaque, adv. therefore, accord- 
ingly. 

item, adv. likeivise, also. 

iter, itineris, n. journey, way. 

iubeo, 2 v.a. iussi, iussum, 
bid, order. 

itlcundus, a, um, agreeable. 

itldex, icis, m. juryman, judge. 

indicium, ii, n. trial, opinion. 

iMico, 1 v.a. judge, decide. 

iGs, iuris,n. right, justice, law. 

iuventtis, utis, f. youth, the 
young men. 

iuvo, 1 v.a. iuvi, iutum, help, 
please. 

labor, oris, m. work, toil, 
suffering. 



labSro, 1 v.n. work, toil, 

suffer, be anxious. 
laetitia, ae, f. rejoicing, 

triumph. 
laetor, 1 v.d. rejoice. 
langueo, 2 v.n. be faint, be 

feeble. 
languidus, a, um, faint, iveary, 

faint-hearted. 
laus, laudis, f. praise, glory. 
lectica, ae, f. litter. 
legio, onis, f. legion, army. 
lego, 3 v.a. legi, lectum, read, 

choose. 
lenis, e, mild, gentle. 
levis, e, light, slight, un- 
principled. 
levo, 1 v.a. lighten. 
lex, legis, f. law. 
libenter, adv. gladly. 
liber, bri, m. book. 
liber, era, erum, free, un- 
controlled. 
liberalis, e, generous. 
liberalitas, atis, f. generosity. 
libere, adv. freely. 
liberi, orum, m. pi. children. 
libero, 1 v.a. set free. 
liber tas, atis, f. freedom. 
libertus, i, m. freedman. 
libet, 2 V. impers. it pleases. 
librarius, ii, m. secretary. 
licet, 2 V. impers. licuit and 

licitum est, it is allowed. 
lippitfldo, inis, f. sore eyes. 
littera, ae, f. letter of alphabet ; 

pi. letter, epistle, letters, 

literature. 
locus, 1, m. place, position, 

state, opportunity ; pi. loci 

and loca. 
longe, adv. far. 
longinquitas, atis, f. length. 
loquor, 3 v.d. locutus, talk, 

speak, say. 
luctus, us, m. grief, mourning. 
ludus, i, m. game, play ; pi. 

ludi, a show, games. 

8—2 



116 



Vocabulary 



lux, lucis, f. light \ Itlcl, by 
day. 

maereo, 2 v.n. maerui, grieve. 

maestus, a, um, sad, sorrow- 
ful. 

magis, adv. more^ rather. 

magnopere, adv. greatly. 

magnus, a, um, great, im- 
portant, serious. 

maior, maius, greater. 

malo, V. irreg. malui, prefer. 

malus, a, um, had. 

mandatum, i, n. commission. 

mandatus, us, m. order. 

mando, 1 v.a. entrust, convey. 

mane, adv. in the morning 

maneo, 2 v.a. and n. mansi, 
mansum, remain, iv ait for. 

manus, us, f. hand, hand- 
ivriting, band. 

maxime, adv. exceedingly, 
especially, certainly. 

maximus, a, um, very great, 
greatest. 

medeor, 2 v.d. heal. 

mediclna, ae, f. medicine. 

medicus, i, m. doctor. 

mediocris, e, moderate, ordin- 
ary. 

mediocriter, adv. moderately. 

meditor, 1 v.d. study, 
practise. 

mehercule, interj. I declare! ; 
lit. so help me Hercules. 

melior, us, better. 

memini, v. def. remember. 

memoria, ae, f. memory. 

mens, mentis, f. mind. 

mensa, ae, f. table. 

mensis, is, m. month. 

mereor, 2 v.d. meritus, de- 
serve. 

metu5, 3 v.a. fear. 

metus, us, m.fear. 

mens, mea, meum, my. 

miles, itis, m. soldier. 

minax, acis, threatening. 



minime, adv. least, not at 
all, 

minor, us, smaller, less. 

minuo, 3 v.a. lessen. 

minus, adv. less. 

mirabilis, e, wonderful. 

mirandus, a, um, luonderful. 

miriflce, adv. wonderfully. 

mirificus, a, um, ivonderful, 
marvellous. 

miror, 1 v.d. ivonder at, ad- 
mire. 

mirus, a, um, wonderful. 

miser, era, erum, wretched. 

miseria, ae, f. wretchedness. 

misericordia, ae, f . pity, 

mitis, e, mild, gentle. 

mitto, 3 v.a. misi, missum, 
send, release', missum fa- 
cere, discharge, let go. 

modeste, adv. peaceably. 

modestia, ae, f. moderation, 
discretion. 

modo, adv. only, just, just 
noio ; conj. provided that, 
lately. 

modus, I, m. manner, degree. 

moleste, adv. grievously. 

molestia, ae, f. distress. 

molior, 4 v.d. undertake, 
labour at, build up. 

mollis, 4 v.a. soften. 

moneo, 2 v.a. advise, ivarn. 

monumentum, i, n. record, 
loriting. 

morbus, i, m. disease, illness. 

morior, 3 v.d. mortuus, die. 

moror, 1 v.d. delay. 

mors, mortis, f. death. 

mortuus, a, um, dead. 

mos, moris, m. custom ; pi. 
manners, character. 

moveo, 2 v.a. movi, motum, 
move, injiuence. 

mulier, eris, f. woman, wife, 

muliercula, ae, f. iceak wo- 
man. 

multiplico, 1 v.a. increase. 



Vocabtdary 



117 



multitfldo, inis, f. great 

number, multitude. 
multo, adv. by much, much. 
multum, adv. much. 
multus, a, um, much ; pi. 

many. 
mtlnicipalis, e, of the country 

towns. 
mUnio, 4 v. a. fortify, defend. 
mUnus, eris, n. service. 
milto, 1 v.a. change. 

nam, con j. /or. 

nanciscor, 3 v.d. nactus, light 

upon, obtain. 
narro, 1 v.a. tell. 
nascor, 3 v.d. natus, be 

born. 
nausea, ae, f. sea-sickness. 
navigatio, onis, f. voyage, 

chance of sailing. 
navigo, 1 v.n. sail. 
navis, is, f. ship. 
ne, coDJ. lest, that not, not. 
ne...quidem, not even. 
ne, enclitic mark of interr. 

ivhether. 
necessarius, a, um, necessary, 

pressing, intimate. 
necesse, adj. n. (only nom. 

and ace. sing.), necessary. 
nego, 1 v.a. and n. refuse, say 

no. 
negotium, ii, n. business, 

trouble. 
nemo (pi. and abl. and gen. 

sing, borrowed from nullus), 

no one. 
neque or nee, conj. neither, 

nor, and not. 
nescio, 4 v.a. be ignorant, not 

know. 
nescio quid, something. 
nihil and nil, indecl. n. no- 
thing, not at all. 
nimis, adv. too. 
nisi, conj. if not, unless. 
nobilis, e, noble. 



nolo, V. irreg. nolui, be un- 
willing. 
nomen, inis, n. name, title, 

score, account. 
non, adv. not, no ! 
nonnullus, a, um, some. 
nos, pi. of ego,u>e ; often = ego ; 

nobiscum, luith us. 
nosco, 3 v.a. come to knoiv, 

discern ; pf. novl, knoiv. 
noster, stra, strum, our ; 

often = mens. 
nostras, atis, adj. belonging 

to us. 
notus, a, um, known, ivell- 

knoion. 
novus, a, um, new, strange. 
nox, noctis, f. night. 
ntlbo, 3 v.n. nupsi, nuptum, 

veil oneself, marry [of a 

ICO man). 
nullus, -a, -um, not any, 

none. 
nummulus, i, m. little coin. 
nunc, adv. noiv, next. 
nunquam, adv. never. 
nuntio, 1 v.a. announce. 
nuntius, ii, m. messenger, 

neivs. 

obeo, 4 v.a. obivi or obii, go 

over, die ; phrase, diem 

suum obire, die. 
obitus, us, m. death. 
obliviscor, 3 v.d. oblitus, 

forget. 
obsctlrus, a, um, dark, secret. 
obsecro, 1 v.a. beseech, entreat. 
obtempero, 1 v.n. comply ivith, 
obviam, adv. to meet. 
occido, 3 v.a. occidi, occisum, 

kill. 
occido, 3 v.n. die. 
occupatio, onis, f. business. 
occurro, 3 v.n. meet, present 

oneself to. 
oculus, i, m. eye, 
odi, V. def. hate. 



118 



Vocabulary 



odium, ii, n. hatred-, odio 
esse, used as pass, of odi. 

offendo, 3 v. a. strike against, 
light upon, come to grief, 
offend. 

oflfensio, onis, f. offence, an- 
noyance. 

offero, V. irreg. obtull, obla- 
tum, offer, 

officiosus, a, um, friendly. 

officium, ii, n. duty, office, 
service. 

omitto, 3 v.a. let slip, pass 
over. 

omnino, adv. altogether, to he 
sure, in general, to sum up. 

omnis, e, all, every. 

onus, eris, n. load, burden. 

opem, opis (no nom. or dat. 
sing.), aid, help ; pi. opes, 
power, ivealth. 

opera, ae, f. ivork, effort, ser- 
vice, attention, aid; phrase, 
operam dare, take pains. 

opinio, onis, f. opinion. 

opinor, 1 v.d. suppose. 

oportet, 2 v. impers. it be- 
hoves, it is becoming. 

oppeto, 3 v.a. face. 

oppidum, i, n. town. 

oppono, 3 Y. Si. place against. 

opportunitas, atis, f. con- 
venience, handiness. 

opporttlnus, a, um, convenient, 
suitable. 

opprimo, 3 v. a. crush, oppress. 

oppugno, 1 v.a. attack. 

optime, adv. very well, best. 

optimus, a, um, best. 

opto, 1 v.a. pray, loish. 

opus, eris, n. work, biisi7iess, 
need, ivant ; opus est aliqua 
re, something is needed. 

oratio, onis, f. speaking, 
speech. 

oratorius, a, um, oratorical. 

ordinatim, adv. in order, suc- 
cessively. 



ornamentum, i, n. distinction. 
omatus, a, um, adorned, 

furnished, distinguished. 
orno, 1 v.a. furnish, adorn, 

distinguish. 
OS, oris, n. mouth, face. 
ostendo, 3 v.a. and n. show. 
otium, il, u. leisure. 

paene, adv. almost. 

paenitet, 2 v. impers. it 
repents, it grieves. 

panthera, ae, f. panther. 

par, paris, equal, well- 
matched. 

paratus, a, um, ready, pre- 
pared. 

parco, 3 v.n. peperci, spare. 

parens, entis,m. andf. parent. 

pareo, 2 v.n. parui, obey. 

pario, 3 v.a. peperl, partum, 
bear, bring forth. 

paro, 1 v.a. prepare, procure, 
buy. 

pars, partis, f. part, side ; pi. 
partes, part to play. 

partim, adv. partly ; esp. sub- 
stantively, some, others. 

parum, adv. too little, little. 

pater, tris, m. father. 

patior, 3 v.d. passus, suffer, 
endure, allow. 

patria, ae, f. native land, 
country. 

pauci, ae, a, feic. 

paucitas, atis, f. scarcity, 
small number. 

paulum, i, n. <x little. 

pax, pficis, f. peace. 

peccatum, I, n. sin, fault. 

pecco, 1 v.n. sin. 

pecdnia, ae, f. money. 

peius, adv. worse. 

per, prep, with ace. through^ 
by means of, during, in the 
name of. 

percipio, 3 v.a. percepi, per- 
ceptum, feel, get. 



Vocahulary 



119 



perditus, a, um, ruined, des- 
perate, del? raved. 
perdo, 3 v. a. perdidi, perdi- 

tum, lose, ruin. 
pereo, 4 v.n. peril, he lost, 

perish. 
perfero, v. irreg. pertuli, 

perlatum, deliver, bring 

through; impers. perfertur, 

news reaches. 
perficio, 3 v. a. perfecl, perfec- 

tum, perform, finish. 
perfungor, 3 v.d. fullij enjoy. 
perhtlmanus, a, um, rerij 

touching. 
perlculose, adv. with danger. 
periculum, i, d. danger. 
perlevlter, adv. very slightly. 
pennaneo, 2 v.n. continue, 

remain always. 
peropporttlnus, a, um, very 

timely. 
perpetior, 3 v.d. perpessus, 

endure. 
perpetuus, a, um, unbroken, 

continuous. 
persaepe, adv. very often. 
perscrlbo, 3 v. a. ivrite in 

full. 
persona, ae, f. character, 

position. 
perspicio, 3v.a. perspexi, per- 

spectum, see clearly. 
persuades, 2 v.n. persuasi, 

persuasum, persuade, con- 
vince. 
pertimesco, 3 v. a. pertimui, 

fear. 
pertineo, 2 v.n. reach, extend, 

pertain to. 
perturbo, 1 v. a. confuse, 

frighten, terrify. 
pervenio, 4 v.n. arrive, come 

to. 
pesslme, adv. worst, very 

badly. 
pestilentia, ae, f. pestilence, 

plague. 



pestis, is, f. plague, disaster. 
peto, 3 v.a. petivi and petii, 

petitum, seek, ask. 
pietas, atis, f. devotion, piety, 

affection. 
placatus, a, um, peaceable. 
placeo, 2 v.n. please, satisfy ; 

impers. placet, it is agreed. 
plane, adv. clearly, entirely, 

quite. 
plebs, plebis, f. the common 

people. 
plecto, 3 v.a. beat, punish. 
plenus, a, um, full, rich. 
plerique, pleraeque, pleraque, 

most. 
plilrimus, a, um, very much ; 

pi. very many, most. 
pltis, pluris, n. in sing, more ; 

pi. pltires, plura, more. 
polliceor, 2 v.d. promise. 
pono, 3 v.a. posuT, positum, 

place. 
populus, i, m. people. 
possum, V, irreg. potui, be 

able, have power. 
post, prep, with ace. behind, 

after. 
postea, adv. afterwards. 
posterus, a, um, coming after ; 

phrase, in posterum, /or the 

future. 
posthac, adv. afterwards. 
postremo, adv. lastly. 
postrldie, adv. on the next day. 
postulo, 1 v.a. ask, demand, 

accuse. 
potens, entis, powerful. 
potestas, atis, i. power, ability, 

authority. 
potior, us, better, superior. 
potissimum, adv. especially, 

by preference. 
potius, adv. rather. 
praebeo, 2 v.a. offer, show, 

give. 
praeceptum, i, n. teaching, 

injunction. 



120 



Vocabulary 



praecipio, 3 v.a. praecepi, 

praeceptum, teach. 
praecipito, 1 v.a. and n. throw 

down ; phrase, aetate prae- 

cipitata, when life is draw- 
ing to a close. 
praeclarus, a, um, splendid. 
praedico, 3 v.a. foretell. 
praedictio, on is, f. prediction 

forecast. 
praedictum, i, n. predic 

tion. 
praeditus, a, um, endowed 

furnished. 
praedium, ii, n. estate, farm, 
praefecttlra, ae, f. office of 

praefectus. 
praefectus, i, m. officer 

praefectus fabrum, chief 

of engineers. 
praemium, ii, n. reivard, prize 
praepono, 3 v a. prefer. 
praescrlbo, 3 v.a. and n. pre 

scribe, dictate. 
praesens, entis, present. 
praesentia, ae, f. presence 

phrase, in praesentia, for 

the present. 
praesertim, adv. especially 

cum praesertim, especially 

since. 
praesto, 1 v.a. praestiti, shoio, 

surpafis, make good. 
praesto, adv. at hand. 
praesum, v.n. he at the head 

praeter, prep, with ace. 

besides, except. 
praeterea, adv. besides. 
praetereo, 4 v.a. pass over, 

omit. 
praetermittS, 3 v.a. let slip, 

pass over. 
praeterquam, conj. except. 
praetor, is, m. praetor. 
prandeS, 2 v.n. prandl and 

praiisus sum, dine. 
prandium, ii, n. early dinner. 



premo, 3 v.a. pressi, pres- 
sum, press, crush. 

[prex, precis], only pi. with 
abl. and ace. sing, prayer. 

pridie, adv. on the day before. 

primarius, a, um, first rate, 
excellent. 

primum, adv. at first, first, 
for the first time. 

primus, a, um, first. 

princeps, cipis, chief; as 
subst. leader, chief. 

principium, ii, n. beginning. 

pristinus, a, um, former. 

priusquam, conj. before that. 

privatus, a, um, private, un- 
official. 

pro, prep, with abl. in front 
of, for, on behalf of, in pro- 
portion to, instead of. 

probitas, atis, f. goodness, 
honesty. 

probo, 1 v.a. approve, prove. 

probus, a, um, honest. 

proctlratio, onis, f. manage- 
ment. 

prodeo, 4 v.n. prodii, prodi- 
tum, go forth, come forth. 

prodico, 3 v.a. foretell, fix 
beforehand. 

proditor, oris, m. traitor. 

profectio, onis, f. departure. 

profecto, adv. assuredly. 

proficio, 3 v.n. succeed. 

proficiscor, 3 v.d. profectus, 
set out, start. 

profiteor, 2 v.d. professus, 
profess, offer. 

proicio, 3 v.a. cast forth. 

proinde, adv. just as, there- 
fore. 

prolixe, adv. favourably. 

promitto, 3 v.a. promise. 

prope, adv. near, nearly ; 
comp. propius, nearer. 

prSpensus, a, um, well-dis- 
posed. 

propers, 1 v.a. hasten. 



Vocahulary 



121 



propinquus, a, um, near^ 
related. 

propono, 3 v.a. put forward, 
offer, set before, 

propter, prep, with ace. on 
account of, for the sake of. 

propterea, adv. therefore. 

prorsus, adv. absolutely, 
entirely. 

prospicio, 3 v.a. survey. 

prosterno, 3 v.a. prostravi, 
prostratum, lay low, over- 
throw. 

prosum, v.n. profui, prodesse, 
givf aid to, give help to. 

provideo, 2 v.a. and n. fore- 
see. 

provincia, ae, f. province. 

proxime, adv. last, 

proximus, a, um, nearest^ 
next. 

prtldens, entis, icith fore- 
knowledge, ivise. 

pUblicus, a, um, official. 

pudens, entis, honourable. 

pudor, oris, m. modesty, sense 
of honour. 

puer, eri, m. boy. 

pugna, ae, {.fight, battle. 

pugno, 1 v.n. fight. 

pulcher, chra, chrum, beauti- 
ful. 

puto, 1 v.a. and n. think. 

quaero, 3 v.a. quaesivi, quae- 
situm, seek, enquire, ask 
for ; phrase, quid quaeris ? 
in short. 

quaeso. 3 v. def. beg, pray. 

qualis, e, of ichat kind? such 
as, as. 

quam, adv. how, as, than ; 
with adj. very. 

quamdifl, adv. as long as, how 
long. 

quamobrem, adv. wherefore. 

quamprlmum, adv. as soon as 
sible. 



quamquam, conj. although, 
and yet. 

quando, conj. and adv. ivhen. 

quantum, adv. how much, as 
much as. 

quantus, a, um, hoic great? 
as great as. 

quare, adv. wherefore. 

quartana, ae, f. quartan fever. 

quasi, adv. as if. 

que, enchtic conj. both, and. 

quemadmodum, adv. how. 

queo, V. irreg. quivi, be able. 

querella, ae, f. complaint. 

queror, 3 v.d. questus, com- 
plain. 

qui, quae, quod, ivho. 

quia, conj. because. 

quicumque, quaecumque, 
quodcumque, whoever. 

quidam, quaedam, quoddam, 
a certain one, somebody. 

quidem, adv. indeed, at least. 

quiesco, 3 v.n. quievi, quie- 
tum, remain quiet, take no 
part. 

quin, conj. indeed, but that. 

quinque, indecl. five. 

quis or qui, qua or quae, quid 
or quod, pron. interr. who? 

quis, qua, quid, pron. indef. 
anyone, someone ; non quo, 
not that. 

quisnam, quaenam, quidnam, 
who. 

quisquam, n. quidquam, any- 
one. 

quisque, quaeque, quidque, 
each. 

quisquis, n. quidquid, who- 
ever. 

quo, adv. whither, by which, 
so much. 

quoad, adv. as long as. 

quocumque, adv. to whatever 
place. 

quod, conj. because ; quod si, 
but if. 



122 



Vocabulary 



quominus, conj. that... not. 
quomodo, adv. Jiow ? 
quoniam, conj. since. 
quoque, codj. also, too. 
quotiens, adv. as often. 
quotienscumque, adv. when- 
ever. 

rapax, acis, rapacious. 

ratio, onis, f. account, method, 
plan, reason, system. 

recipero, 1 v. a. recover. 

reconcilio, 1 v. a. gain hack, 
make friends loith. 

recordatio, onis, f. recollec- 
tion. 

recrQdesco, 3 v.n. become fresh 
again, break out again. 

recte, adv. rightly, properly. 

recurro, 3 v.n. recurri, recur- 
sum, run back, return. 

reddo, 3 v. a. reddidl, reddi- 
tum, give back, give up, 
render, deliver. 

redemptor, oris, m. contractor. 

redeo, 4 v.n. redii, reditum, 
return, be restored. 

reditus, us, m. return, restora- 
tion. 

redtlco, 3 v. a. bring back, re- 
store. 

refero, v. irreg. retuli, rela- 
tum, bring back, repeat, 
bring before the Senate. 

regio, onis, f. region, district. 

regius, a, um, of a king, 
tyrannical. 

reicio, 3 v. a. reject, refuse. 

religio, onis, f. religious 
sample, devoutness, religion. 

relinquo, 3 v. a. reliqui, re- 
lictum, leave, leave behind. 

reliquiae, arura, f. leavings, 
remnants. 

reliquus, a, um, left, remain- 
ing. 

remaneo, 2 v.n. remain. 

reminiscor, 3 v.d. remember. 



renuntio, 1 v. a. bring news. 

reperio, 4 v. a. repperi, re- 
pertum, find, discover. 

res, rei, f. thing, matter, busi- 
ness, property, advantage, 
reality, wealth', pi. rSs 
gestae, military exploits. 

res publica, rei publicae, f. 
state, government, politics. 

rescrlbo, 3 v. a. and n. write 
back, reply. 

resisto, 3 v.n. restiti, stop, 
resist, withstand. 

respondeS, 2 v. a. and n. re- 
spond!, responsum, answer, 
come up to. 

restituo, 3 v. a. restore. 

retexo, 3 v.a. undo. 

retineo, 2 v.a. detain, keep 
bach. 

reverts, 3 v.a. reverti, rever- 
sam, turn back. 

reverter, pf. reverti, return. 

revoco, 1 v.a. call back. 

rex, regis, m. king. 

rideo, 2 v.n. risi, risum, 
laugh. 

robustus, a, um, powerful. 

rogo, 1 v.a. ask. 

rumor, oris, m. rumour, re- 
port. 

rursus, adv. again. 

rusticanus, a, um, of the 
country. 

saepe, adv. often. 

saltls, utis, f. health, safety, 
life, greeting. 

saltltaris, e, wholesome, bene- 
ficial. 

saltlto, 1 v.a. greet, call 
upon. 

salvus, a, um, whole, safe, 
alive. 

sane, adv. certainly, assuredly, 
it is true. 

sapiens, entis, wise. 

sapientia, ae, f. tcisdoyn. 



Vocahidary 



123 



sapid, 3 v.n. understand, be 
wise. 

satietas, atis, f. satiety, loeavi- 
ness. 

satis and sat, indecl. n. subst. 
and adv. enough, sufficiently, 
sufficient, quite. 

scelus, eris, n. crime. 

scientia, ae, f. knoivledge. 

scilicet, adv. of course, I as- 
sure you, forsooth, namely. 

scio, 4 v.a. knoiv. 

scrlbo, 3 v.a. scripsi, scriptum, 
ivrite. 

scriptor, oris, m. ivriter. 

se and sese, sui, reflexive 
pron. himself, themselves ; 
secum, by himself, with 
himself. 

secundus, a, um, second. 

sed, conj. but. 

seddco, 3 v.a. lead aside. 

sedulo, adv. carefully, zeal- 
ously. 

seiungo, 3 v.a. separate, dis- 
join. 

semper, adv. always. 

senatus, us, m. senate. 

sensus, iis, ra. feeling, habit 
of mind, opinion. 

sententia, ae, f. opinion, 
thought, purport, speech. 

sentio, 4 v.a. sensi, sensum, 
feel, think. 

septem, indecl. seven. 

sequor, 3 v.d. secutus, follow. 

sermo, onis, m. conversation, 
discourse, speech. 

sero, adv. late. 

servus, i, m. slave. 

severus, a, um, strict, severe. 

si, conj. if. 

sic, adv. so, thus. 

sicuti, adv. as. 

significo, 1 v.a. and n. shoiu, 
indicate. 

signum, i, n. sign, indica- 
tion', pi. signa, standards; 



phrase, signa conferre, to 

join battle. 
silentium, ii, n. silence. 
sileo, 2 v.a. and n. be silent, 

keep back. 
simUis, e, like. 
simlolus, i, m. little ape. 
simul, adv. at the same time, 

together ; simul ac and at- 

que, as soon as. 
sin, conj. but if. 
sine, prep, with abl. without. 
singularis, e, unique, excep- 
tional. 
singuli, ae, a, pi. individuals, 

one each, single. 
sinistra, adv. on the left hand. 
situs, a, um (pf. part, of sino), 

placed. 
sive, conj. lohether, or. 
societas, atis, f. partnership. 
socius, il, m. comrade, partner ; 

pi. socii, allies. 
solacium, ii, n. consolation. 
soleo, 2 v.n. solitus, be wont, 

be accustomed. 
sollicito, 1 v.a. trouble, annoy. 
sollicitus, a, um, anxious. 
solum, adv. only. 
solus, a, um, alone, lonely. 
sordes, is, f. meanness, low 

condition ; pi. has same 

meaning. 
sorer, oris, f. sister. 
specto, 1 v.a. see, watch, aim 

at. 
spero, 1 v.a. and n. hope, 

expect. 
spes, el, f. hope. 
spondeo, 2 v.a. spopondi, spon- 

sum, promise, warrant. 
sponsalia, ium, n. betrothal 

feast. 
sponsor, oris, m. surety. 
sponte, adv. willingly ; sponte 

tua, of your own accord. 
statim, adv. straightway, im- 
mediately. 



124 



Vocabulary 



statuo, 3 Y.si, place, determine. 
status, us,m. position, posture, 

condition. 
sto, 1 v.n. stetl, statum, stand. 
stomachus, T, m. stomach, 

anger. 
structor, oris, m. builder, 

mason, icorkman. 
studeo, 2 v.n. he eager, take 

pains. 
studiosus, a, um, devoted, 

zealous. 
studium, ii, d. eagerness, 

study, pursuit. 
stultus, a, um, foolish. 
stLadeo, 2 v. a. suasi, suasum, 

urge, persuade. 
sua vis, e, siceet, pleasant. 
suavitas, atis, f. siveetness. 
subicio, 3 v.a. suggest. 
sublrascor, 3 v.d. be a little 

angry. 
sufifero, V. irreg. sustuli, sub- 

latiim, endure. 
sum, v.n. fui, be, exist. 
summa, ae, f. chief thing, up- 
shot, sum ; phrase, ad sum- 
mam, above all. 
summatim, adv. briefly. 
summe, adv. excessively. 
summus, a, um, highest, 

greatest. 
stlmo, 3 v.a. sumpsi, sump- 

tum, take-, stimere sibi, 

take upon oneself. 
sumptus, us, m. expense, ex- 
travagance. 
superbia, ae, f. pride. 
superior, comp. of superus, 

higher, more powerful. 
suppudet, 2 V. impers. it 

shames someivhat. 
supra, adv. and prep, with 

ace. above, beyond. 
suscenseo, 2 v.n. be angry 

ivith. 
suscipio, 3 v.a. suscepi, sus- 

ceptum, undertake, undergo. 



suspicor, 1 v.d. suspect, .mr- 
mise. 

sustento, 1 v.a. support, sus- 
tain, stop. 

sustineo, 2 v.a. support. 

suus, a, um, his oivn, their 
oivn. 

tabellarius, il, m. letter- 
carrier, courier. 

taceo, 2 v.n. be silent. 

taciturnitas, atis, f. silence. 

talis, e, such. 

tam, adv. so, so much. 

tamen, adv. yet, however. 

tantopere, adv. so much. 

tantum, adv. so much, only. 

tantus, a, um, so great. 

tarditas, atis, f. slowness. 

tardo, 1 v.a. delay, retard. 

tardus, a, um, slow. 

temere, adv. rashly, for no 
reason. 

tempestas, atis, f. storm, 
iveather. 

tempto, 1 v.a. and n. try. 

tempus, oris, n. time, crisis. 

teneo, 2 v.a. hold, keep, under- 
stand, possess. 

tener, era, erum, tender. 

terror, oris, m. fear. 

testificor, 1 v.d. attest, bear 
witness. 

testis, is, m. and f. witness. 

timeo, 2 v.a. fear. 

timidus, a, um, cowardly. 

timor, oris, m. fear. 

tiro, onis, m. recruit. 

toga, ae, f. gown, dress of 
civilians. 

toleranter, adv. patiently. 

toUo, o v.a. sustuli, sublatum, 
raise, take away. 

tot, indecl. so many. 

totiens, adv. so often. 

totus, a, um, whole, entire. 

tracto, 1 v.a. handle, numage. 

trado, 3 v.a. tradidi, tradi- 



Vocabulary 



125 



turn, ha7id over, surrender^ 

hand down. 
tradtlco, 3 v. a. jpass through. 
transmitto, 3 v. a. and n. send 

over, cross over. 
transports, 1 v. a. transport, 

convey across, carry over. 
transversus, a, um, turned 

across, transverse. 
tribdnatus, us, m. office of 

tribune. 
tribtinus, i, m. tribune. 
tribuo, 3 v. a. give, render. 
triumpho, 1 v.n. triumph, 

exult. 
triumphus, i, m. a triumph. 
tu, tui, you, thou ; pi. v6s, 

vestrum or vestri, you, ye ; 

tecum, with you ; tUte, you 

yourself. 
tueor, 2 v.d. protect, guard. 
turn and tunc, adv. then, at 

that time. 
turn, see cum. 
turba, ae, f . crowd ; pi. turbae, 

confusion. 
turbulentus, a, um, stormy. 
turpis, e, shameful. 
turpiter, adv. shamefully. 
ttito or tilte, adv. safely. 
tuus, a, um, your, thine. 

ubi, adv. where, when. 
ubicumque, adv. wherever. 
uUus, a, um, any. 
Una, adv. together. 
unguicula, ae, f. little nail. 
unquam, adv. ever. 
tlnus, a, um, one, alone. 
urbanus, a, um, of the capital. 
urbs, urbis, f. city, Rome. 
urgeo, 2 v.a. ursi, press, beset. 
tlsus, us, m. use, experience, 

friendship, profit ; phrase, 

tlsft venit, it happens. 
ut and uti, conj. in order 

that, so that, ivhen, as, 

how. 



uter, tra, trum, ivhich of 

two. 
uterque, utraque, utrumque, 

each of two, either, both. 
uti, see ut. 

■atilis, e, useful, advantageous. 
utinam, inter j. icould that I 
utique, adv. at least. 
iitor, 3 v.d. usus, use, enjoy, 

folloiv, associate loith ; 

phrase, tlti aliquo fami- 

liariter, to be an intimate 

friend of someone. 

valde, adv. strongly, greatly, 

very. 
valeo, 2 v.n. be ivell, be strong, 

be able, succeed, have power ; 

vale, farewell. 
valettldo, inis, f. health, bad 

health. 
vanus, a, um, empty, untruth- 

ful. 
varietas, atis, f. variety, ups 

and downs. 
varius, a, um, varying, 

different. 
vehementer, adv. violently, 

vigorously, extremely. 
vel, conj. and adv. either, or, 

even. 
vendo, 3 v.a. vendidi, vendi- 

tum, sell. 
veneo, 4 v.n. venivi or ii, 

venitum, be sold. 
venio, 4 v.n. veni, ventum, 

come. 
venor, 1 v.d. hunt. 
ventito, 1 v.n. go often. 
verbum, i, n. ivord. 
verecunde, adv. modestly. 
vereor, 2 Y.d.fear, respect. 
verlsimilis, e, probable, likely. 
vero, adv. in truth, indeed, 

but. 
versiculus, i, m. little line. 
versor, 1 v.d. move, be engaged, 

live. 



126 



Vocahvlary 



versus, prep, with ace. to- 
wards, 
vesperl, adv. in the evening. 
vester, tra, trum, your. 
veteranus, a, um, veteran. 
vetus, eris, ancient^ former. 
vicem (no nom.), f. change, 

hap. 
victoria, ae, f. victory, 
vicus, i, m. street, village, 

town. 
video, 2 v. a. vidi, visum, see, 

provide ; pass, seem ; impers. 

videtur, it seems good. 
vigilans, antis, ivatchful. 
villula, ae, f. little house. 
vinco, 3 v.a. vici, victum, 

conquer, heat, prove. 
vindico, 1 v.a. set free, avenge, 

restore. 
violo, 1 v.a. injure. 
vir, viri, m. man, husband. 



virttls, utis, f. manliness, 

courage, virtue. 
vis, ace. vim, abl. vi, f. 

force, abundance ; pi. vires, 

strength. 
vita, ae, f. life. 
vitium, ii, n. vice, failing, 

fault. 
vivo, 8 v.D. vixi, victum, live. 
vivus, a, um, living, alive. 
vix, adv. hardJy, scarcely. 
voco, 1 v.a. call, summon. 
volo, V. iireg. volui, loish. 
voluntas, atis, f. desire, will, 

good will. 
voluptas, atis, f. pleasure. 
votum, i, n. -prayer, icish. 
vox, vocis, f. voice, speech, 

sound. 
vulnus, eris, n. wound, bloio. 
vultus, us, m. countenance, 

look, expression. 



CAMBKIDGE I PRINTED BY JOHN CLAY, M.A. AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS 



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,, 


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tie 


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,, 


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a/6 




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chapters i — 8) 


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GERMAN 








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Geschichte des dreissigj'ah- 
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Part I 




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j.«^„^„^„^a. (The Education of the Young) 
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fBurnet Aristotle on Education 




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